LAST BIO TEST EVOLUTION

What is taxonomy?

the classification of living species

What is there a ton of on this planet?

diversity

There is a _________ of groups from broadest to most specific

hierarchy

What is the ranking of taxonomic groups from broadest to most specific?

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family, Genus, Species

Which of the taxonomic groups is the broadest?

domain

Which of the taxonomic groups is the second broadest?

phylum

Which of the taxonomic groups is the third broadest?

class

Which of the taxonomic groups is the fourth broadest? (in the middle)

order

Which of the taxonomic groups is the third most specific?

family

Which of the taxonomic groups is the second most specific?

genus

Which of the taxonomic groups is the most specific?

species

What are the two names to identify specific organisms?

Genus ans species

What is the binomial system of classification called?

binomial nomenclature

What is an acronym for the taxonomic groups

Dear

King

Phillip

Came

Over

For

Grape

Soda

Who is the father of modern taxonomy?

Carl Linnaeus

How do you distinguish between the genus and the species?

first, you italicize both.

Capitalize genus

lowercase species

(should look like Genus species)

What is Darwin's theory often described as?

evolution by natural selection

what is common ancestry?

the idea that all organisms now alive on earth and all present-day fossils trace back to one of a few "original ancestors"

What is a species?

a population of organisms that can mate with one another and produce fertile offspring

what is extinction?

when all of the individuals in an entire species die out

What is speciation?

the formation of two species from one original species

What does speciation involve?

splitting of a single evolutionary lineage into two or more genetically independent lineages

What did Darwin's "origin of species" show?

that one species changes over time, it branches to form more than one new species, repeatedly, s kong as the population survives or until the organism becomes extinct

What traits do organisms with high fitness levels have?

well suited for their environment

can survive

can reproduce

What happens if an organism does not have the traits to stay alive?

they have a low fitness level

What will happen to organisms with low fitness levels?

die

produce few offspring

What is evolution?

changes in a population's genes over several generations

What is natural selection?

nature selects who stays

Natural selection is the process what drives what?

evolution

Darwin theorized that evolution occurs through which process?

survival of the fittest (aka natural selection)

What is artificial selection?

nature provided the variation among different organisms, and humans selected those varitations they found useful.

ex: farming

What is adaptation?

inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival

what are the two types of adaptation?

physical and behavioral

What are examples of physical adaptions?

speed, camouflage, claws, quills

what are examples of behavioral adaptations?

solitary, herds, packs, activity

What happens if a population is left unchecked?

this means that the organism does not have predators, the number of organisms of each species will increase exponitally, generation to generation.

Ex: roaches

In nature, why do populations tend to remain the same size?

resources, or the lack of it. predators help.

Environmental resources are _______

limited

what will happen to traits best adapted to the environment?

increase in population

what will happen to traits that are no longer beneficial to the environment?

decrease in population

Why do some species evolve quickly?

environmental change. ex: pepper moth

What is common descent?

all species- living and extinct are descended from ancient common ancestors

What is descent with modification?

Darwin's proposal that living species descended with modification from a common ancestor.

What takes place over long periods of time?

descent with modification

What happens to organisms descended from a common ancestor?

they change with time diverging from a common form, causing a new species

What can scientists compare from orgamsims to infer how closely related the organisms are in an evolutionary sense?

similarities in the body structure

embryology- development before birth

dna testing

fossil records

what are homologous structures?

body structures that are anatomically similar, but they have different functions

Give an example of homologous structures.

cat arm vs human arm

What are analogous structures?

body structures are anatomically different, but have the same functions

Give an example of an analogous structure.

wings of birds and insects

What are vestigial structures?

body structures that have diminished in the size or usefulness in the course of evolution

Give an example of a vestigial structure.

appendix

What is embryology?

scientists look at the similarities in the development of organisms before they are born or hatched

give an example of embryology

All mammals have gills and tails when they are embryos

DNA testing can have homology in what?

dna sequences

What does it mean for the organism of they have same or similar DNA sequences?

they are closely related/ have a recent common ancestor

What is fossil formation?

sediment buries the organism

water pressure and the pressure of gravity compress and preserve the organism, especially if buried quickly

where can fossils be found?

sedimentary rock

What do palentologists do?

study fossils to learn about ancient life

What do most fossils represent the remains of?

once living organisms

What are most fossils the remains of?

extinct organisms

why do the kinds of fossils found in rocks of different ages differ?

because life on earth has changed through time

What are the three things individual organisms do?

live, produce, die

However, what do individuals do not do what, but populations do?

do not evolve, but populations do!

what is evolution?

the change in gene frequency that occurs in a population over time

what is population?

all of the individual members of a particular species living in a given area

Did humans evolve from apes? explain

we did not evolve from modern apes. rather, we share a common ancestor with modern apes. just like you did not descend from your cousins, but you share a common ancestor with them.

Who came up with the first theory of evolution?

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

What is law 1 from the early theories of evolution?

use or disuse causes structures to enlarge or shrink

what is law 1 from the early theories of evolution?

all such changes are heritable

what is lamarckism?

is now often used in a rather derogatory sense to refer to the theory that acquired traits can be inhereted

Summarize the early theories of evolution by Jean- Baptiste Lamarck?

he believed that traits are inherited in the very next generation, not over hundreds of thousands of years

What book did charles darwin write?

On the Origin of Species (1859)

What were the three things Charles Darwin believe about evolution?

descent from modification,

from a common ancestor,

variation and natural selection

Charles Darwin's overall belief on evolution revolved around what?

natural selection

What is natural selection?

the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring

What did Alfred Russel Wallace do?

wrote to Darwin,

studied many of the same ideas as darwin,

less detailed theory of evolution

what did Darwin observe about the tortoises in the Galapagos Islands?

they adapted different characteristics,

but descended from a common ancestor.

What did Lyell and Hutton discover? (not on test)

geological forces (not on test)

What did geological forces do? (not on test)

have shaped earth to form very slowly,

often over millions of years. (not on test)

Summarize the meaning of geological forces (not on test)

the earth is very old and changes over time (not on test)

What did Thomas Malthus discover?(not on test)

wrote about the relationship between food and food supply and population increase (not on test)

Summarize Thomas Malthus' beliefs (not on test)

there is a constant struggle for resources