court cases or bort bases am i right?

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

School-led prayer violates the Establishment Clause. Public schools cannot facilitate even "neutral" prayer.

Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)

Established the "Lemon Test"—laws must have a secular purpose, not advance/inhibit religion, and avoid "excessive entanglement."

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Violated the Free Exercise Clause. Individual religious interests outweigh the state's interest in school attendance.

Schenck v. US (1919)

Speech can be limited if it creates a "clear and present danger."

WV Board of Ed v. Barnette (1943)

Schools cannot force students to salute the flag; protected "compelled speech" under the 1st Amendment.

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

Symbolic speech is protected. Students don't "shed their constitutional rights... at the schoolhouse gate" unless it causes substantial disruption.

Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)

Speech is protected unless it is directed to inciting "imminent lawless action."

Texas v. Johnson (1989)

Flag burning is symbolic speech and is protected by the 1st Amendment.

Citizens United v. FEC (2010)

Corporate funding of independent political broadcasts cannot be limited; money = speech.

NY Times v. US (1971)

Established a heavy presumption against "prior restraint" (government censorship before publication).

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

The Court couldn't grant the commission because the law he used was unconstitutional. Established Judicial Review.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Confirmed the Necessary and Proper Clause (implied powers) and said states cannot tax federal entities (Supremacy Clause).

US v. Lopez (1995)

The Act was unconstitutional. Congress exceeded its power under the Commerce Clause; guns in school aren't "interstate commerce."

DC v. Heller (2008)

The 2nd Amendment protects an individual right to own a firearm for self-defense (not just in a militia).

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

Incorporated the 2nd Amendment to the states via the 14th Amendment's Due Process clause.

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Established the Exclusionary Rule—illegally seized evidence cannot be used in court.

NJ v. T.L.O. (1985)

School officials only need "reasonable suspicion," not "probable cause," to conduct searches.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

The 6th Amendment right to counsel applies to states (Incorporation). If you can't afford an attorney, one must be provided.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Police must inform suspects of their 5th and 6th Amendment rights prior to interrogation (Miranda Rights).

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Established the "Separate but Equal" doctrine. Segregation was legal.

Brown v. Board I (1954)

Race-based segregation is inherently unequal. Overturned Plessy regarding public schools.

Brown v. Board II (1955)

Schools must desegregate with "all deliberate speed."

Heart of Atlanta v. US (1964)

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is valid; Congress can use the Commerce Clause to fight private discrimination.

UC Regents v. Bakke (1978)

Racial quotas are unconstitutional, but race can be one of several "plus factors" in admissions.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Due Process and Equal Protection clauses guarantee the right to marry to same-sex couples.

Griswold v. CT (1965)

Established a Right to Privacy created by "penumbras" (shadows) cast by several Bill of Rights amendments.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Extended the Right to Privacy to a woman's decision to have an abortion (Trimester framework).

Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)

Upheld Roe but replaced the trimester framework with the "Undue Burden" test.

Dobbs v. Jackson (2022)

Overturned Roe and Casey. The Constitution does not confer a right to abortion; authority returns to the people/states.

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

Privacy rights extend to consensual adult intimacy; overturned Bowers v. Hardwick.

Baker v. Carr (1962)

Redistricting is a "justiciable" issue (courts can rule on it). Established "One person, one vote."

Shaw v. Reno (1993)

Racial gerrymandering is subject to strict scrutiny; districts cannot be drawn solely based on race.

Gitlow v. New York (1925)

The first time the Court used the 14th Amendment to apply the Bill of Rights (Speech) to the states (Inaugurated Incorporation).

Korematsu v. US (1944)

Upheld the internment of Japanese-Americans during WWII as a "military necessity."

US v. Nixon (1974)

The Court ruled Executive Privilege isn't absolute and doesn't apply in criminal trials.

Buckley v. Valeo (1976)

Struck down limits on how much of their own money a candidate can spend on their campaign.

Bush v. Gore (2000)

Stopped the Florida recount in the 2000 election because different counties were using different standards, violating the Equal Protection Clause.

Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)

Ruled that Black people (enslaved or free) were not citizens and that Congress couldn't ban slavery in territories.

Penumbras

Shadows cast by several Bill of Rights amendments that create a Right to Privacy.

Undue Burden test

The standard that replaced the trimester framework in Planned Parenthood v. Casey.

Justiciable issue

A matter that courts have the authority to rule on, as established in Baker v. Carr.

One person, one vote

Principle established in Baker v. Carr regarding legislative redistricting.

Strict scrutiny

The standard applied to racial gerrymandering in Shaw v. Reno.

Inaugurated Incorporation

The process initiated by Gitlow v. New York applying the Bill of Rights to the states via the 14th Amendment.

Executive Privilege

A claim cited by Nixon to withhold tapes, which the Court ruled is not absolute in US v. Nixon.