Generic (brand) Therapeutic Class --> MOA

buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone, Zubsolv)

Opioid Partial Agonist/Antagonist --> Partial mu-opioid agonist and opioid antagonist

carisoprodol (Soma, Vanadom)

Centrally Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxant --> Blocks interneuronal activity in reticular formation and spinal cord

celecoxib (Celebrex, Elyxyb)

COX-2 Inhibitor --> Selectively inhibits cyclooxygenase-2, reducing prostaglandin synthesis

codeine (Tylenol with Codeine)

Opioid Analgesic --> Weak mu-opioid receptor agonist

cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril)

Centrally Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxant --> Reduces tonic somatic motor activity via brainstem action

diclofenac (Cambia, Voltaren, Zipsor, Zorvolex)

NSAID --> Nonselective COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor

fentanyl (Duragesic)

Opioid Analgesic --> Potent mu-opioid receptor agonist

hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroid --> Induces lipocortins that inhibit phospholipase A2

ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil)

NSAID --> Reversible nonselective COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor

indomethacin (Indocin, Tivorbex)

NSAID --> Reversible nonselective COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor

lidocaine patch (Lidoderm, Lidotral)

Local Anesthetic --> Blocks sodium channels, stabilizing neuronal membranes

meloxicam (Mobic)

NSAID --> Preferential COX-2 inhibition, reducing prostaglandin synthesis

methadone (Dolophine)

Opioid Analgesic --> Mu-opioid receptor agonist

methocarbamol (Robaxin, Tanlor)

Centrally Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxant --> CNS depression leading to muscle relaxation

morphine (MS Contin, Avinza, Kadian)

Opioid Analgesic --> Pure mu-opioid receptor agonist

naproxen (Naprosyn, Naprelan)

NSAID --> Reversible nonselective COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor

oxycodone (OxyContin, Roxicodone)

Opioid Analgesic --> Pure mu-opioid receptor agonist

pentosan (Elmiron)

Urinary Analgesic --> Adheres to bladder mucosa forming protective barrier

sumatriptan (Imitrex, Onzetra, Sumavel, Tosymra, Zembrace)

Antimigraine Serotonin Agonist --> 5-HT1 receptor agonist causing cranial vasoconstriction

tramadol (ConZip, Ultram, Qdolo)

Opioid Analgesic --> Weak mu-opioid agonist and serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

acyclovir (Zovirax)

Viral DNA Polymerase Inhibitor --> Converted to acyclovir triphosphate, inhibits viral DNA polymerase

albendazole (Albenza)

Anthelmintic --> Inhibits microtubule formation and glucose uptake in parasites

amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin)

Beta-Lactam Antibiotic --> Amoxicillin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis; clavulanate inhibits beta-lactamases

amoxicillin (Amoxil, Moxatag)

Beta-Lactam Antibiotic --> Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding PBPs

atazanavir (Reyataz)

Protease Inhibitor --> Inhibits HIV protease preventing maturation of viral particles

azithromycin (Zithromax, Z-Pak)

Macrolide Antibiotic --> Binds 50S ribosomal subunit inhibiting protein synthesis

baricitinib (Olumiant)

JAK Inhibitor --> Inhibits Janus kinase signaling pathways involved in inflammation

cefdinir (Omnicef)

3rd Generation Cephalosporin --> Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding PBPs

cefuroxime (Ceftin, Zinacef)

2nd Generation Cephalosporin --> Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding PBPs

cephalexin (Keflex, Daxbia)

1st Generation Cephalosporin --> Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding PBPs

chlorhexidine (Peridex, Paroex, Hibiclens, Periogard)

Antibacterial Cleansing Agent --> Disrupts bacterial cell membranes causing cell death

ciprofloxacin (Cipro, Cipro XR)

Fluoroquinolone Antibiotic --> Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV

clarithromycin (Biaxin)

Macrolide Antibiotic --> Binds 50S ribosomal subunit inhibiting protein synthesis

clindamycin (Cleocin)

Lincosamide Antibiotic --> Binds 50S ribosomal subunit inhibiting protein synthesis

doxycycline (Vibramycin, Doxy 100)

Tetracycline Antibiotic --> Binds 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting protein synthesis

efavirenz (Sustiva)

NNRTI --> Inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase

elbasvir/grazoprevir (Zepatier)

Hepatitis C Antiviral --> Elbasvir inhibits NS5A; grazoprevir inhibits NS3/4A protease

emtricitabine/tenofovir (Truvada)

NRTI Antiretroviral --> Inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase causing chain termination

entecavir (Baraclude)

Antiviral --> Inhibits hepatitis B viral polymerase

erythromycin (Erythrocin)

Macrolide Antibiotic --> Binds 50S ribosomal subunit inhibiting protein synthesis

fidaxomicin (Dificid)

Macrolide Antibiotic --> Inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase, primarily against C. difficile

fluconazole (Diflucan)

Azole Antifungal --> Inhibits fungal ergosterol synthesis

gatifloxacin (Zymaxid)

Fluoroquinolone Antibiotic --> Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV

glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (Mavyret)

Hepatitis C Antiviral --> Glecaprevir inhibits NS3/4A protease; pibrentasvir inhibits NS5A

hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil, Sovuna)

Aminoquinolone --> Interferes with lysosomal activity and immune signaling

imiquimod (Zyclara)

Immune Response Modifier --> Activates Toll-like receptor 7 increasing cytokine production

ketoconazole (Nizoral, Ketodan)

Azole Antifungal --> Inhibits fungal ergosterol synthesis

levofloxacin (Levaquin)

Fluoroquinolone Antibiotic --> Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV

maraviroc (Selzentry)

CCR5 Antagonist --> Blocks CCR5 receptor preventing HIV entry

metronidazole (Flagyl, Likmez)

Nitroimidazole Antibiotic --> Forms toxic free radicals that damage microbial DNA

minocycline (Minocin, Emrosi)

Tetracycline Antibiotic --> Binds 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting protein synthesis

moxifloxacin (Vigamox, Moxeza, Avelox)

Fluoroquinolone Antibiotic --> Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV

mupirocin (Bactroban)

Topical Antibacterial --> Inhibits bacterial isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase

nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid)

Protease Inhibitor --> Nirmatrelvir inhibits SARS-CoV-2 protease; ritonavir boosts levels

nitazoxanide (Alinia)

Antiprotozoal --> Interferes with anaerobic energy metabolism

nitrofurantoin (Macrobid)

Nitrofuran Antibiotic --> Damages bacterial DNA and ribosomal proteins

nystatin (Bio-Statin, Mycostatin, Nyamyc, Nystop)

Polyene Antifungal --> Binds ergosterol causing fungal membrane leakage

oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

Neuraminidase Inhibitor --> Inhibits influenza neuraminidase preventing viral release

penicillin

Beta-Lactam Antibiotic --> Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding PBPs

polymyxin B/trimethoprim (Polytrim)

Ophthalmic Antibiotic --> Disrupts bacterial membranes and inhibits folate synthesis

raltegravir (Isentress)

Integrase Inhibitor --> Inhibits HIV integrase preventing viral DNA integration

sofosbuvir (Sovaldi)

HCV Polymerase Inhibitor --> Inhibits NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)

Sulfonamide Antibiotic --> Sequential blockade of bacterial folate synthesis

valacyclovir (Valtrex)

Viral DNA Polymerase Inhibitor --> Converted to acyclovir, inhibits viral DNA polymerase

darifenacin (Enablex)

Urinary Antispasmodic, Selective M3 Antagonist --> Competitively blocks M3 muscarinic receptors in the bladder

dexlansoprazole (Dexilant)

Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) --> Irreversibly inhibits gastric H+/K+ ATPase proton pumps

diphenoxylate/atropine (Lomotil)

Antidiarrheal --> Slows GI motility through opioid receptor activation

esomeprazole (Nexium)

Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) --> Irreversibly inhibits gastric H+/K+ ATPase proton pumps

famotidine (Pepcid)

H2 Receptor Antagonist --> Competitively blocks histamine H2 receptors on parietal cells

finasteride (Proscar, Propecia)

5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitor --> Prevents conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

lansoprazole (Prevacid)

Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) --> Irreversibly inhibits gastric H+/K+ ATPase proton pumps

linaclotide (Linzess)

Guanylate Cyclase-C Agonist --> Increases intestinal chloride and bicarbonate secretion

lubiprostone (Amitiza)

Chloride Channel Activator --> Activates chloride channels increasing intestinal fluid secretion

metoclopramide (Reglan, Gimoti)

Dopamine Antagonist / Prokinetic --> Blocks dopamine receptors and enhances GI motility

omeprazole (Prilosec)

Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) --> Irreversibly inhibits gastric H+/K+ ATPase proton pumps

ondansetron (Zofran)

Antiemetic --> Selectively blocks 5-HT3 serotonin receptors

pantoprazole (Protonix)

Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) --> Irreversibly inhibits gastric H+/K+ ATPase proton pumps

phenazopyridine (Pyridium)

Urinary Tract Analgesic --> Local analgesic effect on urinary tract mucosa

polyethylene glycol (Miralax, GoLYTELY, NuLYTELY, MoviPrep, Plenvu)

Hyperosmotic Laxative --> Retains water in intestinal lumen by osmotic action

rabeprazole (AcipHex)

Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) --> Irreversibly inhibits gastric H+/K+ ATPase proton pumps

rifaximin (Xifaxan)

Miscellaneous Antibiotic --> Inhibits bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

sucralfate (Carafate)

GI Protectant --> Forms protective barrier over ulcer sites

tamsulosin (Flomax)

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocker --> Relaxes smooth muscle of prostate and bladder neck

tizanidine (Zanaflex)

Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonist Muscle Relaxant --> Increases presynaptic inhibition of motor neurons

albuterol (ProAir, Proventil, Ventolin)

Selective Beta-2 Agonist --> Stimulates beta-2 receptors causing bronchodilation

budesonide/formoterol (Symbicort, Breyna)

ICS/LABA Combination --> Budesonide reduces airway inflammation; formoterol stimulates beta-2 receptors causing bronchodilation

budesonide (Pulmicort)

Inhaled Corticosteroid --> Suppresses inflammatory mediator production

cetirizine (Zyrtec)

2nd Generation Antihistamine --> Selectively blocks peripheral H1 receptors

fexofenadine (Allegra)

2nd Generation Antihistamine --> Selectively blocks peripheral H1 receptors

fluticasone nasal (Flonase, Xhance)

Nasal Corticosteroid --> Inhibits inflammatory mediator release

fluticasone inhaled (ArmonAir, Arnuity Ellipta, Flovent Diskus)

Inhaled Corticosteroid --> Glucocorticoid receptor agonist reducing airway inflammation

fluticasone/salmeterol (Advair, AirDuo, Wixela)

ICS/LABA Combination --> Fluticasone suppresses inflammation; salmeterol stimulates beta-2 receptors causing bronchodilation

hydroxyzine (Atarax, Vistaril)

1st Generation Antihistamine --> Blocks H1 receptors and depresses CNS activity

ipratropium/albuterol (Combivent)

SAMA/SABA Combination --> Ipratropium blocks muscarinic receptors; albuterol stimulates beta-2 receptors

levalbuterol (Xopenex)

Selective Beta-2 Agonist --> Stimulates beta-2 receptors causing bronchodilation

mometasone nasal (Nasonex)

Nasal Corticosteroid --> Inhibits inflammatory mediator release

mometasone inhaled (Asmanex)

Inhaled Corticosteroid --> Suppresses airway inflammation through glucocorticoid receptor activation

montelukast (Singulair)

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist --> Blocks leukotriene receptors reducing bronchoconstriction and inflammation

tiotropium (Spiriva)

Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (LAMA) --> Blocks M3 receptors causing bronchodilation