minority groups in american society - asian americans (test 3)

naturalization acts of 1790, 1795, & 1798

• all stipulated that naturalized citizenship is restricted to “free white persons”

naturalization act of 1870

• naturalized citizenship is restricted to “…white persons and persons of african descent”

chinese exclusion act of 1882

• for the first time, a racial or ethnic group was formally barred from the US

gentlemen’s agreement, 1907

• restricted japanese immigration to the US

• only non-labor and relatives of resident japanese would be permitted to enter

immigration act, 1917

• barred immigration of laborers from the so-called asiatic barred zone, which covered south asia, including, india, burma, thailand, and the malay states

ozawa v united states, 1922

• takeo ozawa, a japanese immigrant, attempted to become a full US citizen, despite a 1906 policy limiting naturalization to whites and african americas

• ozawa attempted to establish that japanese americans were white

united states v thind, 1923

• bhagat singh thind, an indian-american and us army veteran, attempted the same strategy as ozawa, to ptove that he was white and thereby eligible to become a naturalized citizen

• the scientific commuinty considered indians the same race as white americans

immigration and nationality act, 1952

• “techincally” eliminates race as a bar to immigration or citizenship

• japan’s annual quota: 185

• china’s annual quota: 105

• other asian country’s annual quota: 100

immigration act, 1965

• abolished national origins quota system from the 1920s, replacing it with a preference system that focused on immigrants’ skills and family relationships with citizens and residents of the US

hirabayashi v united states, 1943 // korematsu v united states, 1944

• during WWII, president roosevelt issued an executive order severely restricting the rights of japanese americans and ordering 110,000 to be relocated to internment camps

• gordon hirabayashi and fred korematsu challenged the executive order before the supreme court

1983

• a congressional commission concluded that the wartime internment was prompted by “race prejudice, war hysteria, and the failure of political leadership”

1988

• president ronald reagen singed the civil liberties act, which apologized for jailing japanese-americans during the war without trial and awarded camp inmates $20,000 each

2011

• the acting US soliciter general acknowledged that the government had suppressed evidence when the koremastu case was orginally heard during the war

2018

• the US supreme court ruled that americans cannot be forcibly relocated on the basis of race

US asians population

• 25 million or 7% of US population

median household income (asians)

• $121,700