Communication and Animal Signals

Communication

The process where a sender uses a specially evolved signal to modify the behavior of a receiver, positively or negatively affecting the fitness of both individuals.

Honest signaling

Interaction where both the sender and the receiver obtain a fitness benefit, evolving as a cooperative interaction between two individuals.

Deceitful signaling

Interaction where the sender benefits but the receiver pays a fitness cost, involving the use of a specially evolved signal to manipulate behavior.

Eavesdropping

Interaction where the sender pays a fitness cost but the receiver benefits, involving information transfer via cues rather than signals.

Information

Critical for survival and reproduction, helping individuals adjust to changing circumstances and make knowledgeable decisions.

Referential information

Information animals communicate about their environment, such as food sources or predators, influencing behaviors like foraging or alarm responses.