Arterial Blood Gases (ABG) and Respiratory Therapy Study Guide

Comprehensive flashcards covering Arterial Blood Gas interpretation, respiratory pharmacology, pulmonary function calculations, and clinical respiratory management.

How is the acid status controlled in the respiratory system, and what do high and low levels signify according to the notes?

It is controlled by the lungs through PaCO2. High levels indicate Acidosis and low levels indicate Alkalosis.

According to the transcript, what is controlled by the kidneys in metabolic status and what do its levels indicate?

The kidneys control HCO3-. High levels indicate Acidosis and low levels indicate Alkalosis.

How is 'Partial' compensation defined in ABG interpretation?

CO2 and HCO3- are abnormal, and the pH is abnormal.

What characterizes 'Full' compensation in ABG results?

The pH is normal, while CO2 and HCO3- are abnormal.

According to the study guide, how is a state of Respiratory acidosis compensated?

The kidneys compensate and HCO3- increases.

What are the four levels of oxygenation status based on PaO2 values?

Normal: $80-100$, Mild: $60-79$, Moderate: $40-59$, and Severe: <40.

In Scenario A, a patient has pH 7.29, PaCO2 58 mmHg, HCO3- 30 mEq/L, and PaO2 60 mmHg. What is the acid-base and compensation status?

Respiratory acidosis with partially compensated status.

What occurs physiologically during Hyperventilation?

The person is breathing too fast or deep, blowing off too much CO2. This causes CO2 to decrease and become more basic, leading to Respiratory Alkalosis.

What is the formula and normal range for Minute Ventilation (VE)?

The formula is $V_E = V_T imes f$. Normal values are $5-7\,L/min$, and acceptable is <10\,L/min.

How is Tidal Volume (VT) measured and what is the normal range?

VT is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled per breath; the normal range is $5-7\,ml/kg$ IBW.

What is the formula for Alveolar ventilation (VA)?

$V_A = (V_T - V_D) imes f$. Normal values are >60\% of VI.

How is Dead space (VD) calculated per breath and in Liters Per Minute (LPM)?

$1\,mL$ per lb IBW for single breath; for LPM, multiply the VD (in ml) by Frequency.

What are the normal and acceptable values for Negative Inspiratory Force (NIF)?

Normal is >-60\,cmH_2O and acceptable is >-20\,cmH_2O.

What is the formula for the Rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI) and what value indicates a Weening Candidate?

The formula is $RSBI = f/V_T$ (in liters). A candidate for weaning is <105.

What parameters are used to determine normal values for the 'Peek flow meter'?

Age, gender, size, and Chronic disease process.

Which oxygen delivery devices are categorized as 'Low flow' (Variable FiO2)?

Nasal Cannula and Simple mask.

What is the targeted oxygen saturation for COPD patients?

$88-92\%$.

When is the use of an OPA preferred over an NPA?

An OPA is used for unconscious patients with no gag reflex; an NPA is for semi-conscious, spontaneously breathing patients.

During IPPB (Bird Mark 7) therapy, what does low compliance indicate regarding reaching set pressure?

The set pressure is reached faster (shortened I-TIME) because the lungs are stiff (e.g., ARDs, Pulmonary edema).

What are the four types of aerosol devices mentioned in the notes?

Jet neb, Ultrasonic neb, Mesh neb, and MDI (used with a spacer).

What do foul-smelling or purulent odors in sputum signify?

Bacterial infection.

Define Kussmaul, Cheyne-Stokes, and Biot's breathing patterns.

Kussmaul: deep and fast; Cheyne-Stokes: deep and shallow with repeating apnea; Biot's: irregular breathing with random apnea (chaotic).

What are the duration formulas for E and H oxygen cylinders?

E cylinder: $\text{Pressure} \times 0.28 = \text{Time in mins}$; H cylinder: $\text{Pressure} \times 3.14 = \text{Time in mins}$.

Match the drug classes: Bronchodilators, Mucolytics, Diuretics, and Corticosteroids.

Bronchodilators open airways (e.g., albuterol); Mucolytics thin mucus (e.g., Acetylcysteine); Diuretics remove fluid (e.g., Lasix); Corticosteroids reduce inflammation (e.g., Pulmicort, Prednisone).