Unit 1: Research Unit (Part 2, Validity & Data)

Credibility

in qualitative research refers to the degree to which a study's findings conclusions and interpretations can be trusted

Phenomenological Approach

the research is only credible to the degree that participants agree that it reflects their own reality

Member Checking(Participant Validation)

a qualitative research technique used to establish the credibility of findings by seeking feedback from the participants.

Internal Validity

refers to the extent to which a study demonstrates a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables, ruling out alternative explanations for the observed results.

External Validity

refers to the extent to which study findings can be generalized beyond the specific conditions of the experiment, such as different populations, settings and times.

Population Validity

is the degree to which study results from a sample can be generalized to a larger population of interest.

Ecological Validity

refers to the degree to which research findings can be generalized to real like settings.

Mundane Realism

the extent to which the tasks, materials and procedures in a study are similar to real-life situations. (high study = low mundane realism)

Construct Validity

has well operationalized variables that can be reliably measured

Face Validity

refers to the extent to which a test appears to assess what it is supposed to measure.

Content Validity

ensures that the measurement covers the full range of the concept

Reliability

refers to the consistency and dependability of research results over time, across various conditions, and with diff groups of people

Participant Variability

different participants may have different traits, making it difficult to replicate the original study's findings

Generalizability

refers to the extent to which a study's results can be applied to populations or situations beyond the specific context of the research

Transferability

is associated with qualitative research. refers to the degree to which findings from a study can be applied to another population or context.

Target Population

the specific group of individuals to whom the researcher intends to apply the study's findings.

Temporal Validity

findings from a study conducted in one time period may not generalize well to other periods if key contextual factors have changed. (can it be applied to another )

Representational Generalizability

means that findings from qualitative research studies can be applied to the population from which the sample was drawn.

Inferential Generalizability

means that the findings of the study can be applied to settings outside of the study.

Theoretical Generalizability

means that theoretical concepts derived from the study can be used to develop further theories.

Positivism

the philosophy of advocate for objectivity and a separation between the researcher and the research subject.

Subjective

the researcher background, beliefs and assumptions inevitably shape how they design the study, interpret the data and draw conclusions.

Reflexivity

involves the researchers internal reflection on their biases and influence( journaling)

Researcher Biases

occurs when a researcher's beliefs expectations, or preferences consciously or unconsciously influence the study's design, data collection, analysis, or interpretation of results.

Double-Blind

type of experimental design where both the researchers and participants are unaware of certain critical details. (Such as which participants are assigned to the experimental group and which are in the control group)

Single-Blind

either the researcher or the participants are unaware of certain details about the study to minimize bias.

P-Hacking

refers to the practice of manipulating statistical analyses in order to obtain a statistically significant result.( making adjustments to the data or analysis)

Pre-Registration

publicly declaring and documenting the research design, hypotheses, method, and analysis plan before data collection begins.

Pilot Interviews

is a practice run of the actual interview you plan to conduct for your study (done with a small group) checks if the questions make sense to the person being interviewed.

Positionality

involves acknowledging how the researchers social and cultural identity impacts their role in the research process.

Leading Questions

influence participants to answer in a particular way, which can skew the results and lead to biased findings.

Quantitative

Information expressed in numbers, counts, or measurements.

Qualitative Data

Non-numerical information that describes qualities, characteristics, and opinions.

Nominal

data is based on categories ( yes or no answers ) (mode)

Ordinal

likert scale ( strongly agree to disagree) (median)

Ratio

score based (mean & standard deviation)

Self Report

is when the participant tells the researcher their experiences, memories, feelings in interviews/surverys

Behavioral

when psychologist observe behavior ( reaction times , facial expressions )

Archival

pre existing records ( med files)

Physiological

biological measures (heart rate)

Anecdotal Data

personal experiences - stories (can be baised )

Empirical Data

gathered through systematic observation or experimentation that can be independently verified and statistically analyzed. ( can be qualitative or quantitive)

Primary

directly from a source / for specific purpose

Secondary Data

collected by someone else / for another purpose ( can be reused )

Experimental

obtained from experiments and allow us to determine causality

Correlational Data

is quantitative but the study did not manipulate an independent variable under controlled conditions.

Longitudinal

collected over multiple time points

Cross Sectional Data

collected at 1 point in time