cell division

What is genetics?

The study of heredity and the analysis of heritable variation.

What are the key questions in genetics?

How are variable traits encoded and expressed? How are they transmitted through generations? How do they evolve in populations?

What are the course goals of BSCI222?

Students will contrast mechanisms of genetic inheritance, connect gene/genome structure to regulation of gene expression, and describe methods for studying and manipulating genes.

What is the difference between clonal and sexual reproduction?

Clonal reproduction produces genetically identical offspring, while sexual reproduction combines genetic material from two parents.

Who is considered the father of modern genetics?

Gregor Mendel.

What is the chromosomal theory of inheritance?

It states that genes are located on chromosomes, which segregate during cell division.

What is a gene?

The unit of inheritance that encodes information for a heritable trait.

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Genotype is the combination of alleles an organism has, while phenotype is the trait(s) an organism displays.

What is the structure of chromosomes in eukaryotes?

Chromosomes are made of chromatin (DNA + proteins) and exist in homologous pairs.

What is binary fission?

A method of cell division in prokaryotes where cell growth and DNA replication are coupled.

What is the purpose of mitosis?

To produce genetically identical daughter cells through clonal reproduction.

What is meiosis?

A type of cell division that produces reproductive cells (eggs, sperm) and generates genetic diversity.

What happens during prophase I of meiosis?

Homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis and crossing over at chiasmata.

What is genetic recombination?

The process that generates diversity by sorting homologous chromosomes into different cells and through crossing over.

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

Interphase (G1, S, G2) and Mitosis.

What occurs during the S phase of interphase?

DNA replication occurs, resulting in two chromatids per chromosome.

What is the role of checkpoints in the cell cycle?

To control progression through the cell cycle and ensure proper division.

What is the significance of telomeres?

They are required for complete DNA replication and protect chromosome ends.

What is cytokinesis?

The process that divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells.

What is the outcome of meiosis I?

It results in haploid daughter cells that contain one chromosome from each homologous pair.

What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells?

Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes (N), while diploid cells have two sets (2N).

What is the purpose of crossing over?

To create new combinations of genes on chromosomes, enhancing genetic diversity.

What is the role of microtubules during metaphase?

They arrange chromosomes at the metaphase plate and attach to kinetochores.

What happens during anaphase of mitosis?

Centromeres split, and sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles.

What is the result of telophase and cytokinesis in mitosis?

The formation of two genetically identical daughter cells.

What is the significance of understanding meiosis?

It provides insights into patterns of inheritance for variable phenotypic traits.

What is the function of centromeres?

To join sister chromatids and form kinetochores during cell division.

What is the role of the lab coordinator in BSCI222?

To manage lab activities and assist students in practical applications of genetics.