BSC2010L Lab Exam 1 Practice Flashcards

Flashcards covering material from Labs 1 through 6 for BSC2010L, including lab report formatting, experimental design, macromolecules, protein quantification, microscopy, and cell fractionation.

What is the 1st step in the sequence of a lab report?

Title

What is the 2nd step in the sequence of a lab report?

Introduction

What is the 3rd step in the sequence of a lab report?

Methods and Materials

What is the 4th step in the sequence of a lab report?

Results

What is the 5th step in the sequence of a lab report?

Discussion

What is the 6th step in the sequence of a lab report?

References

Which micropipette should be used for a volume of $18\,\mu L$?

P20

Which micropipette should be used for a volume of $800\,\mu L$?

P1000

Which pipette should be used for a volume of $4000\,\mu L$ ($0.4\,mL$)?

Macro

Which micropipette should be used for a volume of $395\,\mu L$?

P1000

Which micropipette should be used for a volume of $100\,\mu L$?

P200

What is the liter equivalent of $1,000\,mL$ according to the Lab 2 conversions?

$$1\,L$$

How many $mL$ are in $1,000\,\mu L$?

$$1\,mL$$

How many $\mu L$ are in $1\,L$?

$$1,000,000\,\mu L$$

In the scientific method, what two tasks are associated with the Introduction?

Observation & creating a hypothesis

What is the focus of the Methods & Materials section?

How you are going to do the experiment

What occurs during the Results phase of the scientific method?

Data collection

What is the purpose of the Discussion section in a lab report?

Conclusion (Whether or not the hypothesis is supported or not)

What is defined as the independent variable (IV)?

The variable that will be changed and manipulated in an effort to solve the original question.

What is defined as the dependent variable?

The variable that responds to the manipulation of the IV and is measured by the experimenter.

In experimental design, what is the control?

The part of the experiment not being manipulated.

What are the controlled variables in an experiment called?

Constant

What is the main energy source for humans and the most abundant class of organic molecules?

Carbohydrate

Which functional group is described as having "One"?

Carbonyl group

Which functional group is described as having "Many"?

Hydroxyl group

What are the simplest carbohydrates called?

Monosaccharides

What is a carbohydrate with 3 carbon atoms called?

Trioses

What is a carbohydrate with 4 carbon atoms called?

Tetroses

What is a carbohydrate with 5 carbon atoms called?

Pentoses

Define an Aldose.

A monosaccharide where the carbonyl group is located on a carbon at the end of the carbon chain (aldehyde functional group).

Define a Ketose.

A monosaccharide where the carbonyl group is located on a carbon in the middle of the carbon chain (ketone functional group).

What functional group is formed when a carbonyl group reacts with a hydroxyl group within the same molecule?

Hemiacetal

What kind of structure does a hemiacetal form in a carbohydrate?

Cyclical or ring structure

What is a glycosidic linkage?

A covalent bond formed by a dehydration reaction.

What is formed when two monosaccharides are joined?

Disaccharide

What is formed when more than two monosaccharides are joined?

Polysaccharide

How many monosaccharides are typically joined in a polysaccharide?

More than one thousand

What do simple sugars (complex carbohydrates) include?

Monosaccharides and disaccharides

What are reducing sugars?

Carbohydrates that contain an available carbonyl group or hemiacetal not involved in a glycosidic linkage.

Which reagents test for the presence of reducing sugars?

Benedict's and Barfoed's reagent

What colors represent a positive result for the Benedict's or Barfoed's tests?

Green/orange/red

Define a Positive control.

A solution or condition that has been shown previously to produce a positive result.

Define a Negative control.

A solution or condition that has been shown previously to produce a negative result.

What is colorimetry?

Quantification of color

How is the protein concentration of an unknown dilution calculated?

Measuring the intensity of specific wavelengths.

What is Coomassie blue?

A protein-binding dye.

What is the Bradford Assay?

A simple and inexpensive method for quantifying proteins.

According to Lab 4, what are the monomers of proteins?

Simple sugars

According to Lab 4, how are proteins formed?

By using the Coomassie blue.

What is the formula for calculating total magnification?

$$\text{Ocular magnification} \times \text{Objective magnification}$$

How is the magnification of a slide set in the lab?

You set the desired objective lenses.

List the parts of a microscope.

Light source, Condenser, Iris diaphragm, Objective lenses, Ocular lens/eye piece, Coarse—adjustment knob, Fine—adjustment knob, Stage, Stage clips, Mechanical stage control knobs, Nosepiece, Arm, and Base.

What is a homogenate?

A substance containing released organelles and cytoplasm which is subjected to repeated centrifugations.

Define supernatant.

The liquid above the pellet.

What is the pellet in cell fractionation?

The part formed in the bottom of the tube.

In Lab 6, cell fractionation involves subjecting the homogenate to what?

Repeated centrifugations of increasingly higher speeds and lengths of time.

Where is the iris diaphragm located?

Part of the microscope.

What are the two types of adjustment knobs on a microscope?

Coarse—adjustment knob and Fine—adjustment knob.

What part of the microscope connects the eye piece to the base?

Arm

Where are objective lenses located?

On the nosepiece above the stage.

What is the eyepiece of a microscope called?

Ocular lens

What is the liter equivalent of $0.018\,mL$? ($18\,\mu L$)

$$0.000018\,L$$

What is the milliliter equivalent of $800\,\mu L$?

$$0.8\,mL$$

What is the liter equivalent of $800\,\mu L$?

$$0.0008\,L$$

What is the milliliter equivalent of $4000\,\mu L$ in Lab 2?

$$0.4\,mL$$

What is the liter equivalent of $4000\,\mu L$ in Lab 2?

$$0.004\,L$$

What is the milliliter equivalent of $395\,\mu L$?

$$0.395\,mL$$

What is the liter equivalent of $395\,\mu L$?

$$0.000395\,L$$

What is the milliliter equivalent of $100\,\mu L$?

$$0.1\,mL$$

What is the liter equivalent of $100\,\mu L$?

$$0.0001\,L$$

What is the first step of the Scientific Method mentioned in Lab 2?

Observation

What are the two components of the 'Results' step in the scientific method?

Data collection

What part of the lab report contains the data collection?

Results

What is manipulated to solve the original question in an experiment?

Independent Variable

What are hexoses (6 carbons) implied as based on the triose/tetrose/pentose pattern?

Monosaccharides

Where is the carbonyl group in an aldehyde functional group located on the carbon chain?

At the end

Where is the carbonyl group in a ketone functional group located on the carbon chain?

In the middle

A hemiacetal is formed by the reaction of a carbonyl group and a ________ group within the same molecule.

Hydroxyl

A glycosidic linkage is formed through what type of reaction?

Dehydration reaction

How many monosaccharides must be joined to be considered a polysaccharide according to Lab 3?

More than two

Reducing sugars contain an available carbonyl group or _________.

Hemiacetal

Benedict's and Barfoed's reagents test for which specific class of molecules?

Reducing sugars

What is the purpose of colorimetry in the context of proteins?

Quantification of color to calculate protein concentration.

The intensity of specific wavelengths is used to calculate what?

Protein concentration

What is the price characteristic of the Bradford Assay?

Inexpensive

How is magnification changed when using a slide?

By setting the desired objective lenses.

What part of the microscope holds the slides?

Stage

What are the mechanical stage control knobs used for?

To control/move the stage.

Which part of the microscope provides the light source?

Light source

Which part of the microscope is the base?

Base

What is released when a cell is homogenized into a homogenate?

Organelles and cytoplasm

In centrifugation, what is the 'liquid above' called?

Supernatant

In centrifugation, where does the pellet form?

Bottom of the tube

Macro pipettes are used for volumes in which range compared to the P1000?

Volumes larger than $1000\,\mu L$ (e.g., $4000\,\mu L$).

What is the P200 pipette used for in the provided examples?

$$100\,\mu L$$