exam week 1

diaphysis (bone)

shaft of bone

metaphysis (bone)

flare of bone

epiphysis (bone)

end of bone

physis (growth plate of bone)

traction = where tendon applies force

pressure = end of long bones

periosteum (bone)

covering of bone

fractures

open = disruption in bone with associated opening in skin

closed

4-6 week return

transverse (fracture)

bending of shaft of long bone

perpendicular

greenstick (fracture)

incomplete

bending long bone

irregular split in oppo direction of force

oblique (fracture)

torsion or rotational force

oblique angle

spiral (fracture)

torsion or rotational force

fracture line spirals

spiral-oblique (fracture)

torsion or rotational force

oblique angle and spirals

impacted/compression (fracture)

jamming and shattering

comminuted (fracture)

direct impact

separate bone fragments

line/stress (fracture)

incomplete

repetitive stress

crack

avulsion (fracture)

bone fragment pulled away by ligament or tendon

chondral (fracture)

articular cartilage and underlying bone fragments

rotational and shear forces

epiphyseal (fracture)

epiphyseal plate

rotational and shear force

intraarticular (fracture)

fracture enters joint space

cartilage

articular or hyaline = covers ends of bones

fibrocartilage = meniscus

abrasion (ST open)

scraping

laceration (ST open)

tearing with irregular wound margins

incision (ST open)

cut with smooth and straight margins

puncture (ST open)

penetration of skin

avulsion (ST open)

pulling away of tissue

contusion (ST closed)

bruise

strain (ST closed)

stretching or tearing of muscle or tendon

sprain (ST closed)

stretch or tearing of ligament

dislocation (ST closed)

complete stretch of joint capsule

subluxation (ST closed)

incomplete separation of joint capsule

injury cycle

1. trauma

2. pain/spasm

3. hemorrhage (hematoma or hemarthrosis)

4. effusion

5. inflammation

6. pain/spasm (disuse)

7. atrophy

cardinal signs inflammation

1. redness

2. swelling

3. heat

4. pain

5. loss of fx

PEACE and LOVE (ST management)

protect, elevate, avoid anti inflammatories, compression, education

load, optimism, vascularization, exercise

scene survey (exam)

1. airway

2. breathing

3. circulation

4. bleeding

5. shock

6. spinal cord/head

heavy bleeding

• venous bleeding = dark red, oozing, steady flow

• arterial bleeding = bright red, spurting

• direct pressure, elevation, pressure points, tourniquet

shock

• any injury

• low BP

• drowsy/sluggish

• respiration shallow and rapid

• pale

• cold

• staring of eyes