ALHS 1090 Ch. 6 & 16

pituitary gland anterior lobe

growth, melanocyte-stimulating, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic, thyroid-stimulating, follicle-stimulating, luteinizing

pituitary gland posterior lobe

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

master gland

pituitary gland

growth hormone

controls growth and development

growth hormone

GH

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

stimulates melanocytes to increase skin pigmentation

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

MSH

prolactin

stimulates milk secretion by the mammary gland

prolactin

PRL

adrenocorticotropic hormone

stimulates the cortex of the adrenal glands

adrenocorticotropic hormone

ACTH

thyroid-stimulating hormone

stimulates the thyroid glands

thyroid-stimulating hormone

TSH

follicle-stimulating hormone

stimulates development of the ova in the ovaries and sperm in the testes

follicle-stimulating hormone

FSH

luteinizing hormone

stimulates the secretion of sex hormones by the gonads

luteinizing hormone

LH

pituitary gland posterior lobe

oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone

oxytocin

stimulates contractions of the uterus and the release of milk by the mammary glands

oxytocin

OT

antidiuretic hormone

stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys

antidiuretic hormone

ADH

thyroid gland

thyroxin, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin

thyroxin and triidothyronine

control catabolic metabolism and protein synthesis in most body cells

thyroxin

T4

triiodothyronine

T3

calcitonin

reduce calcium and phosphate levels in the blood

calcitonin

CT

parathyroid gland

parathyroid hormone

parathyroid hormone

increases calcium levels in the blood; reduces phosphate levels

PTH

parathyroid hormone

adrenal glands (medulla)

epinephrine and norepinephrine

adrenal glands (cortex)

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoid, and sex hormones

epinephrine and norepinephrine

prolong the conditions responsible for the "flight or
fight" response: increase in metabolism, heart rate,
blood pressure, etc

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

maintain body-fluid balance by stimulating the
retention of sodium and excreting potassium; help
regulate blood pressure

glucocorticoids (cortisol,
corticosterone, cortisone)

stimulate glycogen formation and storage; increase body resistance to stress; reduce inflammation

sex hormones (androgens and estrogens)

stimulate sex characteristics; stimulate sex-cell development

pancreas (islets of Langerhans)

glucagon and insulin

glucagon

stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose

insulin

stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen and
glucose uptake in most cells

gonads (ovaries)

estrogens

estrogens

stimulate development of female sex characteristics,
ovarian cycle, and menstrual cycle

gonads (testes)

testosterone

testosterone

stimulates development of male sex characteristics
and sperm-cell production

pineal gland

melatonin

melatonin

regulates body rhythms

thymus gland

thymosin

thymosin

stimulates the maturation of T lymphocytes

Acromegaly

enlargement of the extremities (caused by excessive production of the growth hormone by the pituitary gland after puberty)

Adrenalitis

inflammation of the adrenal glands

Adrenomegaly

enlargement (of one or both) of the adrenal glands

Endocrinopathy

(any) disease of the endocrine (system)

Hypercalcemia

excessive calcium in the blood

Hyperglycemia

excessive sugar in the blood

Hyperkalemia

excessive potassium in the blood

Hyperparathyroidism

state of excessive parathyroid gland

Hyperpituitarism

state of excessive pituitary gland

Hyperthyroidism

state of excessive thyroid gland

Hypocalcemia

deficient calcium in the blood

Hypoglycemia

deficient sugar in the blood

Hypokalemia

deficient potassium in the blood

Hyponatremia

deficient sodium in the blood

Hypopituitarism

state of deficient pituitary gland

Hypothyroidism

state of deficient thyroid gland

Panhypopituitarism

state of total deficient pituitary gland; characterized by decreased secretion of all the anterior pituitary hormones

Parathyroidoma

tumor of a parathyroid gland

Thyroiditis

inflammation of the thyroid gland

Diabetes insipidus

result of decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Diabetes mellitus

chronic disease involving a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by elevated blood sugar (hyperglycemia); caused by underactivity of the insulin-producing islets of Langerhans or poor cellular response to insulin

Gigantism

condition brought about by hypersecretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland before puberty

Neuroblastoma

malignant cancer that often starts in the adrenal medulla; composed of immature nerve cells

Thyrotoxicosis

condition caused by excessive thyroid hormones

Adrenalectomy

excision of (one or both) adrenal glands

Pancreatectomy

excision of all or part of the pancreas

Parathyroidectomy

excision of (one or more) parathyroid glands

Thyroidectomy

excision of the thyroid gland

Fasting blood sugar

blood test to determine the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood after fasting for 8 to 10 hours

Fasting blood sugar

FBS

Adrenocorticohyperplasia

excessive development of the adrenal cortex

Euglycemia

normal (level of) sugar in the blood (within normal range)

Euthyroid

normal thyroid gland activity

Glycemia

sugar in the blood

Polydipsia

condition of much thirst

Polyuria

much (excessive) urine

Endocrinologist

physician who studies and treats diseases of the endocrine (system)

Endocrinology

study of the endocrine (system) (a branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the endocrine system)

Syndrome

run together (signs and symptoms occurring together that are characteristic of a specific disorder)

Goiter

enlargement of the thyroid gland

Tetany

condition affecting nerves, causing muscle spasms as a result of low amounts of calcium in the blood; caused by a deficiency of the parathyroid hormone

Hormone

chemical substance secreted by an endocrine gland that is carried in the blood to a target tissue

Metabolism

sum total of all the chemical processes that take place in a living organism

DI

diabetes insipidus

DM

diabetes mellitus

K+

potassium

Ca+

calcium

Na+

sodium

Kidney

one of two bean-shaped organs, remove waste products from the blood and to aid in maintaining water and electrolyte balances.

Nephron

urine-producing microscopic structure. Approximately 1 million of them are located in each kidney.

Glomerulus

cluster of capillaries at the entrance of the nephron. The process of filtering the blood, thereby forming urine, begins here

Renal pelvis

funnel-shaped reservoir in the kidney that collects the urine and passes it to the ureter