apwh unit 6

Economic Imperialism

Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments; examples include British East India Company influence in India, Banana Republics in Honduras

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their racism and imperialist expansion

Civilizing Mission

the concept that Western nations could bring "advanced" science and economic development to non-Western parts of the world that justified imperial administration; included notion that colonialism was a duty for Europeans and a benefit for the colonized.

Belgian Congo

Exploited by Leopold II at Belgium under the Berlin Act, Leopold was supposed to act as a trustee. He violated the agreement and stripped the country of its resources and mutilated its people

Settler Colony

Large numbers of people come to the colonies to live in the colony and establish a permanent presence. Britain established these including Jamestown and New Zealand

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

Pivotal movement that weakened the Xhosa and ushered in a new era of colonial expansion and domination of South Africa by the British. The prophecy was that killing all cattle would bring back ancient chiefs and ancestors; an example of an indigenous rebellion against European imperial expansion

Ghost Dance Movement

The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands, often viewed as an indigenous religious movement.

Indian Revolt of 1857

Also called the Indian's first War of Independence, the Great Rebellion, Indian Mutiny, or the Sepoy Mutiny and began in 1857 as a mutiny of Sepoys (soldiers) of the British East Indian Company army; was ended by British military and resulted in full British control of India and loss of British East India Company's power

Opium Wars

wars between Great Britain and China, began as a conflict over the opium trade as GB illegally imported opium produced in the Middle East and South Asia in hopes of forcing trade with China; ended with the Chinese treaty to the British- the opening of 5 Chinese ports to foreign merchants, and the grant of other commercial and diplomatic privileges

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops; led to decreased power and influence of the Qing Dynasty

Taiping Rebellion

(1850-1864) A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners.

Spheres of Influence in China

an area where a foreign nation controlled economic developments such as railroad construction and mining; occurred in China after the Opium Wars

ethnic enclave

A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area; a result of migration movements driven by industrialization

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) The US denied any Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

White Australia Policy

Before 1973, a set of stringent Australian limitations on nonwhite immigration to the country. It has been largely replaced by a more flexible policy today; a reaction to migrations driven by industrialization

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules to colonize Africa

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

Nationalism

Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality

Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

The Sino-Japanese War of 1884 to 1895 and the subsequent harsh peace treaty revealed China's helplessness in the face of aggression, triggering a rush for foreign concessions and protectorates in China.

Charles Darwin

English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution.

Dutch East India Company

Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

King Leopold II

King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the infamous ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908), and set off a scramble among European powers for African colonies in the late 1800s

Congo Free State

a large area in Central Africa that was privately controlled by Leopold II of Belgium. He was able to secretly treat the people of the colony very badly until he was forced to give it up.

Dutch East Indies

Colony controlled by the Dutch East India company exported cash crops of sugar, tea, coffee, and tobacco, plus rubber and tin making it a valuable colony

Scramble for Africa

Term given for the rapid invasion of Africa by the various European powers. This began imperialism in Africa. - Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

penal colony

a colony to which convicts are sent as an alternative to prison

Boer War (1899-1902)

fought between the British and Afrikaners; British victory and post-war policies left Africans under Afrikaner control.

Seven Years War

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

corvee labor

type of annual tax that is payable by labor. Used to complete state projects and to maintain roads and public facilities. Originally used in feudal societies.

Settler Colonies

Colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply spending relatively small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America, New Zealand, Algeria, Kenya, and Hawaii

Maori

New Zealand indigenous culture established around 800 CE

Colonization Society

Founded in 1816, encouraged owners to free their African slaves and pay to send them back to Africa

Indian Territory

an area covering most of present-day Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska to which most Native Americans in the Southeast were forced to move in the 1830s

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Tupac Amaru II

(1738-1781) Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution

Philippine Revolution

The Philippine Revolution, also called the Tagalog War by the Spanish, was a revolution and subsequent conflict fought between the people and insurgents of the Philippines and the Kingdom of Spain

Philippine-American War

armed conflict between the Philippines and the United States from 1899-1902. It was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence. The Philippines declared war on the US and it became a savage conflict with guerrilla warfare. Villages were destroyed, civilians were murdered, and prisoners were tortured. The war ended when Aguinaldo surrendered in 1902.

Maori Wars

A series of wars that took place from 1845 to 1872 between the New Zealand government and the native Maori people

Anglo-Zulu War (1879)

War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom. From complex beginnings, the war is notable for several particularly bloody battles, as well as for being a landmark in the timeline of colonialism in the region. The war ended the Zulu nation's independence.(1879)

Treaty of Paris 1898

The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostility. From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philippines. Cuba was freed from Spain.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Cherokee Nation

Native American tribe that was forced to leave their land because of the Indian Removal Act

Aborigines

Native people of Australia

Xhosa

a member of a South African people traditionally living in the Eastern Cape Province. They form the second largest ethnic group in South Africa after the Zulus.

Mahdi

a Muslim savior of the faith

Pan-Africanism

the principle or advocacy of the political union of all the indigenous inhabitants of Africa.

Sepoy

An Indian soldier serving under British command.

Guano

Bird droppings used as fertilizer; a major trade item of Peru in the late nineteenth century

Cotton

The plant that produces fibers from which many textiles are woven. Native to India, it spread throughout Asia and then to the New World. It has been a major cash crop in various places, including early Islamic Iran, Korea, Egypt, and the US

Rubber

a tough elastic polymeric substance made from the latex of a tropical plant or synthetically.

Palm Oil

A West African tropical product often used to make soap; the British encouraged its cultivation as an alternative to the slave trade.

Ivory

hard white material made from elephant tusks

Cash crop

a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.

export economy

A type of economy in which goods are produced mainly for export rather than for domestic use

railroad

a track or set of tracks made of steel rails along which passenger and freight trains run.

Spice Islands

Europeans' name for the Moluccas, islands rich in cloves and nutmeg

Indentured Servants

People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants. Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free.

Contract Labor

working on a contractual basis rather than being employed by a specific company

convict

person serving a prison sentence

Diaspora

A dispersion of people from their homeland

emigrate

To leave one country or region and settle in another

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Chinese Immigration Regulation and Restriction Act

New Zealand policy passed as an attempt to restrict the number of Chinese immigrants entering the colony - passed in reaction to racial conflict between white and Chinese miners in the goldfields

Chinese Immigration Act

1855 act passed by the Australian government in the state of Victoria as an attempt to restrict the number of Chinese immigrants entering the colony