Religion in Spain FINAL EXAM

Mudejar

Muslims who elected to stay/weren’t expelled/couldn’t get out under Christian rule after the Reconquista.

Technically had freedom to worship but were discriminated against.

Like dhimmis under Muslim rule.

Morisco

Muslims forced to convert to Christianity (after conquest of Granada). Forceful conversion in early 1500s after rebellion of Mudejars in Granada in 1499.

“limpieza de sangre” policies differentiated “new” Christians (moriscos) from “old” Christians.

1568/70 = revolt in Granada by Moriscos. Their revolt was repressed and they were deported.

- Deported so they could get the Moriscos away from the coast. The coast provided the Moriscos easy communication w/the Ottomans and Barbary Corsairs.

Big Morisco community in Sevilla after they were deported from Granada.

Often worked service-oriented or labor-heavy jobs and were very successful — which fostered resentment.

Moriscos would be discriminated against wether they were truly Christian or not. Religious vs. cultural traits.

Concerns about Moriscos: impossible assimilation, demographic growth (people thought Moriscos had more children), public order, fear of revolts, 5th column (fear that they could collaborate w/Ottomans in case of invasion), the need to “save Spain”

Decree of 1609: expelled (almost) all Moriscos (not children because they were “recoverable”)

F. Nuñez Muley

Tries to convince the Christian authorities of the sincere faith of the Moriscos.

Many Moorish customs were cultural, not religious (ex: language, foods eaten, bathing practices, clothing, names, etc.)

Macarena

Wooden statue of Mary done in the 1600s. Very lifelike.

Raises lots of debate about idolatry.

Jansenists

Marginal group advocating for reforms in the Catholic Church in 1700s

Ex: Pablo de Olavide

NEED MORE INFO

Regalism

Royal interventionism (1800s). Absolute monarchy, state has power over Church.

Ex: crown control over ecclesiastical patronage, expulsion of the Jesuits, etc.

NEED MORE INFO

Old Regime

Structures prevailing in Europe since the Middle Ages.

The reign of Fernando VII (1808-33) in Spain.

Characteristics:

• Absolute monarchy based on Divine Right (king is chosen by God)

• Makes king not accountable

• King is sole lawmaker

• Hierarchical and rigid society of 3 Orders or Estates

  • Clergy, Noble, peasant

• Rigid economy: entailed land, guilds, royal monopolies

  • Entailed = can’t be sold or bought. Outside of the market. Church lands were entailed.

    • Land was source of wealth, political leverage, etc.

    • Land is not an opportunity for social mobility 

• Royal monopolies = business owned by the crown. 

Old Regime was first challenged in Western Europe by french revolution

Old regime crisis in Spain: war of succession between Carlos and Isabella (old regime vs. new)

Constitution of 1812

Spain’s constitution written by the Cortes at Cádiz

When Fernando returns he abolishes the Constitution in 1814, but then due to a military coup he is forced to accept it until 1823.

Article 12 says only 1 church and 1 religion (no religious tolerance). Says state will protect and regulate the church. Abolished Inquisition. But also at the same time it will protect religion? This article is controversial because it’s confusing.

Carlism

Against succession of Isabel. Supporters of Old Regime.

Absolutist group.

Anticlericalism

1st began during 1st Carlist war, when there was hostility against clergy for their refusal to pick a side.

Anticlerical culture emerged in Spain in late 19th-early 20th centuries. Was a political movement. Remove public life from control of clergy.

3^rd Republic had anticlerical goals. More organized secularization

The Disaster of 1898 revived anticlerical movement. Political crisis after Spanish defeat in war with America (lost its colonies). Many populist leaders involved who used the drama behind the Disaster of 1898 to mobilize the public and partially blame the church.

Tragic Week of 1909: protests in Barcelona (about the war in Morocco. Protests were against send recruits in Morocco) led to setting half the city’s religious buildings on fire and deaths of many people. Government lost control for a full week. Eventually was harshly repressed.

Disentailment

NEED MORE INFO

Mendizábal began disentailment. Basically undid entailment (law that Church lands could not be transferred out of their property once in their property).

Sold lands entailed to the Church to fund Carlist War.

This created lots of inequality:

• Wealthy people just bought the land and it increased the power of elites

• Greatly reduced number of monasteries

• Made lots of people worse off who worked/lived on land owned by church which now had new owners. Many farmers were evicted under new owners (new owners weren’t as good towards their people as the church since they were trying to make money off of the land). Working class people felt that the liberals were out of touch with them

2nd Republic wanted to redistribute land to undo uneven distribution of disentailment.

Concordat

Compromise between regalists and reformists.

Says government responsible for administrative changes of the Church. Government funds Church. Maintain and enhance religion in education

Church becomes interest group of moderates.

Constitution of 1876

Undid religious freedom from the Constitution of 1869. Limited religious freedom.

Article 11 defined the religious clauses: Catholic Church = official religion, state support for Church, etc.

Padlock Law

Barred creation of new religious communities for 2 years (against creating new religious orders – monasteries, convents ).

Created by Canalegjas who was a devout Catholic.

Constitution of 1931

Separated church and state, banned church from certain activities

No official religion.

National Crusade

The uprising led by general Franco to defend Spain's essence against Marxism and Atheism.

Revival of Church’s reationary influence (wants to retake what it lost). Term used during Spanish civil war. Justified military uprising against 2nd Spanish Republic

This title was able to rally conservatives, Catholics, etc.

NEED MORE INFO

Moorish troops

Franco’s Guardia Mora

Moorish, colonial troops played a prominent role in Franco's army.

Moros = Berbers of North Africa.

Berber tribes were some of the best guerilla fighters in the world, no match for the Spanish army.

Many Moroccan colonial troops were commanded to fight for the Spanish Nationalists (Franco)

Moros were also some colonial troops who were widely used by Franco during the Civil War. Somewhat contrasted the Catholic Spain that Franco was fighting for

Battle of Annual: Spanish military was crushed by Moroccan forces. Some members of Spanish army deserted and joined Moroccan forces. 8000 Spanish soldiers killed in one day. Annual increased negative perception of Moros

Contrasting images of el moro guerrero/hermano/invasor

National Catholicism

Spanish essentialism based on Catholicism. Essence of Spain is Catholic. If you’re not Catholic, you can’t be Spanish. In this sense very different from Mussolini and Hitler regime.

Mogambo

Example of strong censorship during the Franco regime.

Movie with Grace Kelly and Clark Gable. The original movie has an affair happen between the two main characters, but since Franco’s Catholic Spain was so against adultery, they changed the dubbed dialogue to make the two main characters siblings which instead suggested incest.

Sección Feminina

Women’s Francoist Organization. Bad and good.

Mandatory social service training for all women. Servicio Social was mandatory for women if they wanted to go to college.

Provided, education, childcare, etc. for women.

Pushed for the 1961 reform to a labor law barring married women from working.

Pilar Primo de Rivera was the leader of Sección Feminina. Daughter of the previous dictator, and sister of the founder of the Falange party.

2nd Vatican Council

Council from 1962-1965. 1st council since Council of Trent

Religious liberty = universal human right

1^st time church openly advocated human rights and democracy.

Against Franco’s Spain.

Joint Assembly

Happened in 1971.

Defended human rights.

Rejected ideology of division.

It was a formal request for the total separation of Church and State.

This was a landmark gathering where a majority of Spanish clergy and bishops voted on a resolution asking for forgiveness for the Church's role in the Spanish Civil War and its failure to act as a peacemaker.

FOESSA Study

Shows that the Spanish people were modern and ready to move on to a democracy, even though the state wasn’t there yet.

Increasing secularism and pluralism.

Decreasing mass attendance, ignoring church teachings

1975

Constitution of 1978

New non-denominational constitution made after Franco died.

Includes religious liberty

Still explicitly mentions Catholic Church and states that religious beliefs of the Spanish people should be taken into account (assuming Catholic)

Article 27: continues government subsidies for private Catholic schools (concertadas = not owned by government, but get government funding. They are required to accept all kids and be co-ed)