PHARMACOGNOSY - SEMIFINALS

Extraction

• is the separation of medicinally active portions of plant (and animal) tissues using selective solvents through standard procedures

De Materia Medica, Historia Plantarum, Species Plantarum

Evidence of Ethnopharmacology:

To attain the therapeuticaly desired portions, To eliminate unwanted material by treatment with a selective solvent known as “menstrum”

The purpose of standardized extraction procedures for crude drugs:

Hydrodistillation techniques, Hydrolytic maceration, Headspace trapping, Solid phase micro-extraction, Protoplast Extraction, Microdistillation, Thermomicrodistillation, Molecular distillation

Extraction techniques for aromatic plants:

Solvents

• Successful determination of biologically active compounds depends on the type of _____ used in the extraction procedure

Low toxicity, Ease of evaporation at low heat, promotion of rapid physiologic absorption of the extraction, preservation action, inability to cause the extract to complex or dissociate

Properties of a Good solvent in Plant extractions:

Anthocyanins, Starches, Tannins, Saponins, Terpenoids, Polypeptides, Lectins

Active components for Water:

Tannins, Polyphenols, Polyacetylenes, Flavonol, Terpenoids, Sterols, Alkaloids

Active components for Ethanol:

Anthocyanins, Terpenoids, Saponins, Tannins, Xanthoxyllines, Totarol, Quassinoids, Lactones, Flavones, Phenones, Polyphenols

Active components for Methanol:

Terpenoids, Flavonoids

Active components for Chloroform:

Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Coumarins, Fatty acids

Active components for Ether:

Phenol, Flavonols

Active components for Acetone:

Potassium bismuth iodide solution

In Dragendroff’s Test the filtrate was treated with:

Orange red precipitate

In dragendroff’s test to detect the presence of alkaloids the formation of _______ is expected

Piric acid

• In Hager’s Test filtrate was treated with saturated aqueous solution of _____

Yellow precipitate

• In Hager’s test, presence of alkaloids were confirmed by the formation of

Potassium mercuric iodide solution

• In Mayer’s test, Filtrate was treated with:

white yellow or cream precipitate

• In mayer’s test, formation of a _______ indicated the presence of alkaloids

Violet ring

• In Molisch’s test, the development of a _____ at the juction of two liquid confirmed the presence of carbohydrates

Orange red precipitate

• In Benedict’s test, formation of an ______ indicated the presence of reducing sugars

Red precipitate

• In Fehling’s test, formation of ____ indicated the presence of reducing sugars

1 cm layer

• In Froth test, formation of ________ of foam indicated the presence of saponins

10 minutes

• Persistence of foam produced for _______ indicated the presence of saponins

Brown ring

• In Salkowski’s test, formation of ____ indicated the presence of Phytosterols.

Bluish green color

In Libermann Burchard’s test, formation of _______ solution confirmed the presence of phytosterols

Bluish black colour

• In Ferric chloride test, formation of ____ indicated the presence of phenols

Bulky white precipitate

In Lead acetate test, the formation of ______ indicated the presence of phenolic compounds

0.1% Ferric chloride

• In the detection of tannins, what is added to indicate its presence.

Brownish green or blue black

• In detection of tannins, development of _______ colouration indicated the presence of tannins.

Sodium hydroxide solution

• In alkaline reagent test, we treat the extract with few drops of ______

Intense Yellow color

• In Alkaline reagent test, Formation of _____ which becomes colourless on further addition of dilute acid, indicated the presence of flavonoids.

Yellow precipitate

• For the detection of flavoids, in lead acetate test formation of ________ indicated their presence

Intense green color

In the detection of flavonoids, in ferric chloride test, the development of intense _______ indicated the presence of flavonoids.

White precipitate

• In Millon’s test, when warmed ____ is formed

brick red

• In Millon’s test, when warmed, a white precipitate if formed which changes to _____ or disappears: indicates the presence of proteins and A.A.

2% copper sulphate

• In Biuret’s test, treat the solution with a few drops of _______

Pink color

• In biuret’s test, formation of _____ in the exact layer indicates the presence of Protein

Blue color

• In Ninhydrin Test, formation of ______ indicated the presence of amino acids

Salkowski Test

What test is used for the Detection of Terpenoids:

Keller-Killani Test

What test is used for the Detection of Cardiac glycosides:

Spot test and Saponification test

• What test is used for the Detection of Fixed oils and Fats:

Ruthenium red solution

• What test is used for the Detection of Gum and Mucilage:

Steroids, Reducing sugars, triterpenoids, sugars, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthroquinones, amino acids

Qualitative:

Determination of total alkaloids, total flavonoids, total phenolics, total saponins, total tannins, total glycosides

Quantitative:

Water

• universal solvent

Water

• used to extract plant products with antimicrobial activity

• traditional healers use ______ and consistent antimicrobial activity is obtained

Acetone

• dissolves many hydrophilic and lipophilic components

• a very useful extractant, especially for antimicrobial studies (phenolic group extract)

Alcohol

• the identified components from plants (antimicrobial) = aromatic or saturated organic compounds → most often obtained through initial ethanol or methanol extraction

Ethanol

• found easier to penetrate the cellular membrane to extract the intracellular ingredients (polyphenols) from the plant material

Methanol

• is more polar than ethanol but due to its cytotoxic nature

Chloroform

• used to obtain tannins and terpenoids

Ether

• commonly used selectively for the extraction of coumarins and fatty acids

Dichloromethanol

• specially used for the selective extraction of only terpenoids

Size reduction, extraction, filtration, concentration, dying

• Steps involved in the extraction of medicinal plants:

Sun drying, shade drying

Natural drying:

Tray drying, Vacuum dryers, spray dryers

Artificial drying:

Maceration

• the whole/coarsely powdered crude drug is placed in a stoppered container with the solvent

Infusion

• are prepared by macerating the crude drug for a short period of time with cold or boiling water

• these are dilute solutions of the readily soluble constituents of crude drugs

Digestion

• this is a form of maceration in which gentle heat is used during the process of extraction

• it is used when moderately elevated temperature is not objectionable

Decoction

• in this process, the crude drug is boiled in a specified volume of water (1;4) for a defined time

Percolation

• Used most frequently to extract active ingredients in the preparation of tinctures and fluid extracts

Soxhlet (Hot Continuous Extraction)

• the finely ground crude drug is placed in a porous bag or “thimble” made of strong filter paper, which is placed in chamber of ____

Aqueous-alcoholic extraction by fermentation

• the extraction procedure involves soaking the crude drug, [powder/a decoction (kasaya)], for a specified period of time

Karpurasava, Kanakasava, Dasmularista

• Examples of ayurvedic preparations

Counter-current extraction

• wet raw material is pulverized using toothed disc disintegrators to produce a fine slurry.

Ultasound Extraction (Sonication)

• The procedure involves the use of ultrasound with frequencies raging from 20kHz to 2000kHz.

• this increases the permeability of cell walls and produces cavitation

Supercritical Fluid extraction

• cylindrical extraction vessels are used

• the collection of the extracted analyte following SFE is another important step: Significant analyte loss can occur during this step.

Phytonics Process

• a new solvent based on hydrofluorocarbon-134a, a new technology to optimize the extraction of plant materials

• the process can be made highly selective in extracting a specific class of phytoconstituents.

Essential oils, concretes, absolutes, pomades, resinoids

Aromatic plant extracts:

Essential oils

• used in a wide variety of consumer goods viz., detergents, soaps, toilet products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, perfumes, confectionery food products, soft drinks, distilled alcoholic beverages (hard drinks) and insecticides