biochem 2k26

"term" is question, "definition" is answer

name this amino acid

alanine

name this amino acid

arginine

name this amino acid

asparagine

name this amino acid and its anionic form

aspartatic acid, aspartate

name this amino acid

cysteine

name this amino acid

glutamine

name this amino acid and its anionic form

glutamic acid, glutamate

name this amino acid

glycine

name this amino acid

histidine

name this amino acid

isoleucine

name this amino acid

leucine

name this amino acid

lysine

name this amino acid

methionine

name this amino acid

phenylalanine

name this amino acid

proline

name this amino acid

serine

name this amino acid

threonine

name this amino acid

tryptophan

name this amino acid

tyrosine

name this amino acid

valine

name this amino acid

selenocysteine

isomers that do not have the same connectivity are:

constitutional isomers

isomers that have the same connectivity are:

stereoisomers

stereoisomers that cannot be separated are:

confomers

stereoisomers that can be separated are:

configurational isomers

two configurational isomers that behave as image and mirror image are:

chiral

50:50 mixture of the two enantiomers is called:

racemate

unequal mixture of two enantiomers is:

enantioenriched

types of carbohydrates by the degree of polymerisation are:

monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

if a carbohydrate’s ring has 6 atoms, it is called a:

pyranose

if a carbohydrate’s ring has 5 atoms, it is called a:

furanose

carbohydrates can be classified based on the location of the carbonyl group as ____ and ____

aldose, ketose

enantiomers have ___ chiral centers inverted

all

diastereomers have ___ chiral centers inverted

some, not all

diastereomers can be ___ or ___

syn, anti

diastereomers of ____ systems can be adressed as cis/trans

cyclic

L-arabinose has it’s lowest hydroxyl group on the ___ side in ___ projection

left, Fischer

diastereomers that differ in only one asymmetric center are:

epimers

saccharids have ___ and ___ anomers

alpha, beta

when cholesterol is transported from liver to a different organ, it is carried in _____ system

liver protein

the simplest amino acid is:

glycine

only non-chiral amino acid is:

glycine

only R-amino acid is:

cystein

proline can greatly influence structure of proteins due to its:

cyclic structure

carboxylic acid pKa is around:

5

cysteine stabilizes proteins by forming:

covalent bonds

peptide bonds are stiff due to similarity to:

alkenes

proline causes _____ in protein structure

bends

nucleoside becomes nucleotide when it is:

phosphorated

____ is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's role as a catalyst. They are usually not consumed.

cofactor

the ___ amino acids encoded by our genome are all ____ amino carboxylic acids, _-amino acids (except _____) and they differ in the substitution of the ___-carbon.

20, alpha, L, glycine, alpha

the only natural amino acid with _-configuration is ____ due to its ____ functional group

R, cystein, thiol

hydrophobic alpha-amino acids with no additional functions are:

alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine

alpha-amino acids with polar charged groups are:

lysine, arginine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid

hydrophobic alpha-amino acids with an aromatic group are:

phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophane

alpha-amino acids with polar uncharged groups are:

serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine

name this derivative of amino acid

cystine

two of amino acid _____ can oxidize and form _____

cysteine, cystine

amide bond between two amino acids is called:

peptide bond

metabolic pathway where complex molecules are broken down (usually under release of energy) is:

catabolism

metabolic pathway where simple molecules and energy are used to biosynthesize complex molecules is:

anabolism

ATP is a double _____

anhydride

during activation of carboxylic acid, following phosphate groups could be attacked:

any

during first stage of catabolism fats are turned into ____, carbohydrates are turned into ____ and proteins are turned into _____

fatty acids, monosaccharides, amino acids

although proteins can be digested for ATP, they are usually used for maintaining _____

muscle

acetyl-CoA is an:

activated acetic acid

to metabolize fatty acids they are activated with ____ molecule(s) of ____

one, ATP

short- to medium-chain oligomers of amino acids are:

peptides

____ is any neutral chemical compound with a positively charged cationic functional group that bears no hydrogen atom, such as a quaternary ammonium or phosphonium cation (generally: onium ions), and with a negatively charged functional group, such as a carboxylate group that may not be adjacent to the cationic site.

betaine

peptide bonds have a resonance structure due to lone pair of ____ pushing into ____ orbital of ____ bond

nitrogen, pi antibonding, C-O

resonance structure of a peptide bond includes a _____ between ______, which increases stiffness

double bond, nitrogen and carbon

in peptide bond amide oxygen acts a strong H-bond ____ and amide nitrogen acts as strong H-bond ____

acceptor, donor

peptides have structural flexibility in the bond between ____ and ____; and in bond between ____ and ____

nitrogen, alpha carbon, carbonyl carbon, alpha carbon

most peptide bonds have ____ configuration, but proline is a significant contributor to ___ configuration

trans, cis

the two organised local features of secondary protein structures are ____ and ____

alpha-helix, beta-pleated sheet

in alpha-helix each ___ bonds to ___, ___ amino acids away

N-H, C=O, four

____ does not fit into alpha-helix, and neither do ____ amino acids

proline, beta-branched

beta-pleated sheets prefer ____ amino acids

small

name this molecule

purine

name this nucleotide base

guanine

name this nucleotide base

adenine

name this nucleotide base

cytosine

name this nucleotide base

thymine

name this nucleotide base

uracil

name this molecule

pyrimidine

nucleosides employ either ___ or ___ as sugars

ribose, 2-deoxyribose

name this saccharide

beta-D-ribofuranose

name this saccharide

alpha-D-ribopyranose

name this saccharide

2-desoxyribose

in nucleosides, nucleobases are linked to the furanose via its ____ center

anomeric

the carbon where a sugar’s ring closure occurs is the ___ carbon

anomeric

name this nucleoside

adenosine

in a nucleoside, the anomeric carbon is linked through a glycosidic bond to the N_ of a purine or the N_ of a pyrimidine

9, 1

name this nucleoside

guanosine

name this nucleoside

cytidine

name this nucleoside

uridine

name this nucleoside

2’-deoxyadenosine

name this nucleoside

2’-deoxyguanosine

name this nucleoside

2’-deoxycytidine

name this nucleoside

thymidine (deoxythymidine)