Responding to the Environment (Humans) - Nervous System

These flashcards cover the key concepts, functions, and structures of the nervous system based on the provided lecture notes.

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).

What does the central nervous system consist of?

The brain and spinal cord.

What are the two parts of the peripheral nervous system?

Autonomic nervous system (involuntary) and somatic nervous system (voluntary).

How does the CNS protect itself?

Protected by the bony cranium, three membranes called meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid.

What is the function of the cerebrum?

Controls voluntary functions, higher thought processes, and receives sensations.

What part of the brain maintains balance and posture?

Cerebellum.

What is the role of the medulla oblongata?

Controls breathing, heartbeat, and transmits impulses to and from the brain.

What are neurons?

Structural units of the nervous system that connect the brain and spinal cord to the body.

What is the significance of a synapse?

Ensures impulses move in one direction and prevents continuous stimulation of neurons.

What is a reflex action?

A quick, automatic response to a stimulus.

What pathway does a reflex arc follow?

From receptors to sensory neurons to interneurons in the spinal cord, to motor neurons, and to effectors.

What distinguishes the somatic nervous system from the autonomic nervous system?

Somatic controls voluntary muscles, while autonomic controls involuntary muscles.

What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system?

Responsible for the fight or flight response in emergencies.

What symptoms are associated with Alzheimer's disease?

Memory loss and confusion.

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

A disease where the immune system attacks the myelin sheath covering neurons, affecting their function.

What is the most common cause of brain and spinal cord injuries?

Motor vehicle accidents.