Communication Sci & Disorders

Dysphagia

Impairment in swallowing function

Phases of Normal Swallowing

Oral —> Pharyngeal —> Esophageal

Bolus

A sip of liquid or food that has been chewed and mixed with saliva in the mouth

Oral Phase

Voluntary; Chewing and moving food to the back of the mouth for swallowing

Penetration

Bolus goes into the larynx but remains above the vocal folds

Aspiration

Bolus goes below the vocal folds into the trachea

Hyperfunction

Overuse or excessive activity (Too much muscle tension)

Hypofunction

Low and breathy speech (weak muscle tension)

Left Hemisphere Damage

Langauge structure

Right hemisphere Damage

Social communication and non-verbal understanding

Paraphasia

Incorrect sound substitution in speech

Dyslexia

Neurologically-based phonological processing disorder that interferes with single-word decoding

Sound-Symbol Correspondence

Linking letters to the sounds they make rather than just their letter names

Pharyngeal Phase

Involuntary occurs in the throat (pharynx). The bolus moves down to the stomach using peristalsis

Esophageal

Transport Bolus from the Esophagus to the Stomach

Gliding of liquids

“Rat” to “wat”

Stopping Fricatives

Substituting b, k or t for f, s and sh

Velar Fronting

“Cat to “tat” velar sounds produced in the back like k or g replaced by t or d

Hemiparesis

Weakness on one side of the body

Right Hemiparesis

Weakness on the Right side of the body

Left Hemiparesis

Weakness on the left side of the body

Right Hemisphere Damage

Brain injury affecting the right side, leading to problems with attention, perception, and social communication. Associated with Wernickes (receptive language)

Left Hemisphere Damage

Brain injury affects language and analytical skills, often causing aphasia. Associated with Broca’s (language expression) & Weakness on the right side of the body

Cause of Right Visual Neglect

Left Hemisphere Brain Damage

Cause of Left Visual Neglect

Right Hemisphere Brain Damage

Sound Prolongations

Stretched out sounds “ sssssun”

Sound or Syllable repetition

Sound b-b-ball or ba-ba-ball syllable repetition

Blocks

Pause or a stoppage in airflow/speech

Changing Talking

Prevent stuttering

Changing Stuttering

Pull outs, cancellations are supposed to reduce/fear during stuttering

Stimulability Testing

Ability to say a sound correctly with a model or instruction