ch 23 - urinary system - mc questions

Which of the following best describes a primary function of the kidneys?

Regulating water, ion balance, and excreting wastes

Which structure directly transports urine from the kidney to the bladder?

Ureter

The kidneys are located:

Retroperitoneal between T12 and L5

The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left because:

The liver crowds it

The fibrous capsule of the kidney functions to:

Prevent spread of infection

The renal hilum is:

The entry/exit site for vessels, ureter, and nerves

The renal cortex is:

The superficial granular region

Renal pyramids are located in the:

Medulla

The tip of a renal pyramid is called the:

Papilla

Urine flows from the papilla into the:

Minor calyx

Which structure collects urine from multiple minor calyces?

Major calyx

The renal pelvis drains into the:

Ureter

Blood enters the kidney through the:

Renal artery

The correct arterial flow order begins with:

Renal artery → segmental artery

The afferent arteriole:

Brings blood into the glomerulus

The efferent arteriole:

Carries blood away from the glomerulus

The glomerulus is:

A capillary tuft for filtration

The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is made of:

Simple squamous epithelium

The visceral layer consists of:

Podocytes

Filtrate collects in the:

Capsular space

The proximal convoluted tubule is characterized by:

Microvilli and high reabsorption

The nephron loop primarily functions to:

Concentrate urine

The distal convoluted tubule:

Has few microvilli and functions in secretion

Collecting ducts:

Receive filtrate from many nephrons

Once filtrate reaches the collecting duct:

It is considered urine

Cortical nephrons:

Make up ~85% and are mostly in cortex

Juxtamedullary nephrons:

Have long loops important for concentrating urine

The vasa recta are:

Capillaries associated with juxtamedullary nephrons

Peritubular capillaries:

Surround cortical nephrons and aid reabsorption

The filtration membrane allows passage of:

Water and small solutes but not proteins

The three layers of the filtration membrane include:

Fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, podocytes

Glomerular filtration is:

Passive and driven by hydrostatic pressure

Net filtration pressure (NFP) is:

About 10 mm Hg outward

Hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries is:

The main force pushing filtrate out

The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA):

Regulates GFR and blood pressure

Granular (JG) cells:

Secrete renin

Macula densa cells:

Detect NaCl concentration in filtrate

High NaCl at macula densa causes:

Afferent arteriole constriction

Low NaCl at macula densa causes:

Dilation of afferent arteriole and renin release

Tubuloglomerular feedback:

Adjusts GFR based on NaCl levels

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS):

Increases blood pressure

Sympathetic stimulation causes:

Constriction of afferent arterioles

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR):

~180 L/day filtered

Only about how much urine is produced daily?

~1.5 L

Tubular reabsorption:

Returns substances from filtrate to blood

Tubular secretion:

Moves substances from blood to filtrate

Transcellular reabsorption occurs:

Through tubule cells

Paracellular reabsorption occurs:

Between cells

The urinary bladder contains:

Transitional epithelium (urothelium)

The detrusor muscle:

Contracts to expel urine

The trigone is:

Area with ureter openings in bladder

The prostatic urethra:

Passes through prostate

The membranous urethra:

Passes through urogenital diaphragm

The spongy urethra:

Passes through penis

Anuria is:

Extremely low urine output