PSYCH FINAL

What is Altruism?

Being concerned for others well being without considering your own benefit

What is Social Exchange Theory?

The idea that human interactions are based off what they can gain from the relationship

What is the Reciprocity Norm?

The expectation people will help not hurt those who have helped them

What is Social-Responsibility Norm?

Expecting people to help those who are dependent on them and need the help

Why Do We Help Others?

From an evolutionary psychology perspective, people are driven to survive. We protect our own and they protect us too, people are more likely to survive in a group than alone

What is Empathy?

Being able to feel how another person is feeling

What is Number of Bystanders Effect?

Noticing, Interpreting (is it an emergency), Responsibility (do we need to help)

What Increases Individuals to Help?

Personal appeal, helping can benefit them in some way. Concern for self-image, individuals want to portray themselves a certain way

What is Moral Concern?

What we believe to be right and wrong, just treatment in society

What is Moral Inclusion?

Regarding others and the tendency to help people we know

What is Moral Exclusion?

Disregarding certain individuals, viewing them in a negative light

What is the Enlightenment Effect?

Learning about psychological research can benefit real-world behaviour for the better

What is Aggression?

Behaviour intended to hurt someone, can be mental or physical

What are the Types of Aggression?

Physical, social, hostile, and instrumental

What is Frustration-Aggression Theory?

Frustration triggers a readiness to lash out physically (hit first, think later)

What is Relative Deprivation?

Comparing oneself to others, thinking you’re less well off unlike everyone else

What is Displacement Theory?

Directing ones anger to a target that isn’t the source of frustration

What is Social Learning Theory?

We learn by observing and imitating others, we are then rewarded or punished for doing this

What is Hostile Attribution Bias?

Interpreting others actions as aggressive, even when they aren’t

What is Catharsis Hypothesis?

Releasing aggressive energy using words or actions

What is Relatedness?

The need to belong and be connected to others is a psychological need

What is Ostracism?

The act of excluding or ignoring others, not letting them join in

What is Cyberostracism?

Being excluded or ignored on social media

What is Proximity?

The geographical nearness to someone (makes it easier to connect and stay connected)

What is Functional Distance?

How often people’s paths cross

What is Anticipatory Liking?

We expect we will get along with someone and can see us becoming friends

What is Mere Exposure Effect?

Certain stimuli can be liked more after being frequently exposed to it

What is the Matching Phenomenon?

People tend to choose people who are the best match, very similar and get along well

What is the Physical-Attractiveness Stereotype?

Assuming attractive people have other desired traits as well

What is Reward Theory of Attraction?

We like people who reward us with positive behaviour

What is Complementarity?

The belief that ones romantic partner completes what the person is missing

What is Passionate Love?

Intense longing for ones romantic partner

What is Companionate Love?

A comfortable affection for those we care for (a 20 year marriage, maybe not as passionate as it once was but it’s still loving)

What is Secure Attachment?

Attachment built on trust and intimacy

What is Avoidant Attachment?

An insecure attachment where a person struggles to be close and connect with others

What is Anxious Attachment?

An anxious and struggling relationship

What are Sterotypes?

Overgeneralized inaccurate beliefs about a group of people

What is Prejudice?

Negative attributes based on certain beliefs

What is Discrimination?

Acting out based on negative beliefs, which negatively impacts others

What is Hostile Sexism?

Openly negative opinions toward women

What is Benevolent Sexism?

A positive but patronizing opinion towards women

What is Social Dominance Orientation?

Wanting your own group to be dominant over others

What is Authoritarian Personality?

A personality type which prefers obedience over authority from those around them, especially those they think are below them

What is Displaced Aggression?

Redirecting frustration since the origin of aggression is unknown or intimidating

What is Realistic Group Conflict Theory?

Prejudice originates due to competition between groups for resources

What is Social Identity Theory?

The concept of knowing who we are originates from the groups we’re in

What is In-Group Bias?

The tendency to favour your own group

When is it Easy to Rely on Stereotypes?

When we’re short on time, preoccupied, tired, and emotionally activated

What is the Out-Group Homogeneity Effect

Viewing people outside of our group as being very similar to each other, compared to the different people in our group

What is Own-Race Bias?

People are more accurate at recognizing the faces of their ethnicity (Greeks recognizing Greeks)

What is Group-Serving Bias?

Excusing and justifying certain behaviours due to perception and proximity

What is the Just-World Phenomenon?

Believing the world is just, people get why they deserve and deserve what they get

What is Subtyping?

Viewing an individual to be an exception of a stereotype based on the group they’re in (

What is Subgrouping?

Forming new stereotypes on individuals who deviate from stereotypes about their group

What is Stereotype Threat?

Performing worse because they’ve heard a negative stereotype about their group (leads to self-fulfilling prophecy)