kines101 motor control

cerebrum

frontal parietal temporal and occipital lobe

frontal lobe

personality/planning movement

parietal lobe

sensation and speech interpretation

parietal lobe

spatial relations of objects

temporal lobe

hearing, smelling memory

temporal lobe

object recognition

occipital lobe

visual info

blood brain barrier

unique arrangement of tissue to keep blood out of the brain

meninges

(outside to inside) dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

ventricles

fluid filled compartments where cerebrospinal fluid is produced and held

afferent neurons

nerves that carry info toward CNS

efferent neurons

nerves that carry info away from CNS

interneurons

nerves that are local to neural circuits

neuroglial cells

supports cells in nervous system

astrocytes

neuroglial cell that maintains CNS chemical enviroment

oligodendrocytes

neuroglial cell responsible for myelin sheaths in CNS

microglial

neuroglial cell, microphage of CNS

ependymal

neuroglial cells that line CNS to help produce cerebrospinal fluid

satellite cells

neuroglial cell that maintains chemical environment in PNS

schwann cells

neuroglial cell that insulates axon in PNS

ion

particle with an electric charge

diffusion

movement of substance from area of high concentration to low concentration

action potential

resting, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization

AP resting

K+ in, Na+ out

AP resting

-70mV

AP depolarization

Na+ increasing in, K+ in, Na+ decreasing out

AP depolarization

+30mV

AP repolarization

K+ decreasing in, Na+ in, K+ increasing out

AP repolarization

decreasing mV

myelin

insulates axon to speed up conduction

electrical synapse

direct passive flow of ions from one neuron to another

chemical synapse

transfer of neurotransmitters via synaptic vesicles from synaptic end bulb to dendrite

post synaptic receptors

ligand gated ion channels and g protein coupled receptors

ligand gated ion channels

neurotransmitter binds directly to channel

g protein coupled receptors

neurotransmitter bind to g protein to open channel from inside

acetylcholine

important for memory

serotonin

important for sleep/wake cycles

glycine

inhibitory in spinal cord

motor neuron

efferent neuron from spinal cord to muscle

muscle spindle

afferent neuron detects muscle stretch

golgi tendon organs

afferent neuron detects muscle forces

basal ganglia

selects one automatic movement (plan) from options > inhibit other movements until one is chosen, 2 paths direct (chosen) and indirect (suppressing not chosen)

cerebellum

verifies that plan and reality match up, uses input from cortex (plan) and PNS (reality)

motor planning pathway

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, supplemental motor area, primary motor cortex

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

creates idea to move

premotor cortex

takes input from sensory and intention centers to create a plan for voluntary movements

mirror motor neurons

responsible for observational learning

supplemental motor area

complex movement and planning, responsible fore internally generated movement

primary motor cortex

sends signals to different portions of body to tell them to move, organized by function

optic nerve

nerves coming from retina bundle to form the optic nerve, carries info from each retina independently

optic chiasm

where optic nerves cross, synthesizes and divides info from both eyes

lateral geniculate nucleus

gate into cortex, different cells project to different areas

superior colliculus

orients the movement of the head and eyes

saccadic movement

quick movement of both eyes

pretectum

controls reflex pupil dilation and lens

amplitude

volume

wavelength

pitch

external and middle ear

collect and amplify sound waves to transfer wave to fluid filled inner ear

external ear

pinna and concha

tympanic membrane

amplifies signal pressure 200x

ear ossicles

bones vibrate and further amplify signal using lever system connecting tympanic membrane to oval window

oval window

point of contact with middle ear further amplifies the sound

inner ear

signal broken down into meaningful component and transduced by hair cells to the auditory nerve fibers

inner ear

cochlea, basilar membrane, hair cells

cochlea

converts waves to neural signals and composes complex waves

basilar membrane

travels through cochlea, passively registers sound info

hair cells

lines cochlea, actively registers sound info

pons

info from both ears intersects to localize sound source using timing and intensity

midbrain

localizes elevation of sounds on auditory space map, begins to process sounds with complex timing patterns

primary auditory cortex

receives presorted tine specific signals

auditory cortex

identifies unique combinations of sounds to distinguish words

secondary auditory cortex

receives less precise auditory signals

tactile mechanoreceptors

free nerve endings, meissner, merkel cell, ruffini, pacinian afferents

free nerve endings

close to skin surface, sensitive to pain temp and itch

meissner afferents

in peaks of fingertips, sensitive to friction and grip control

merkel cell afferents

in grooves of fingertips, sensitive to pints edges and curvature

ruffini afferents

deeper in skin ligaments tendons and oriented parallel to stretch lines, sensitive to sensing motion and skin stretch

pacinian afferents

deep in skin, sensitive to high frequency vibrations over large areas

proprioceptive mechanoreceptors

muscle spindles, gtos, joint receptors

muscle spindles

coiled around muscle fibers, sensitive to muscle stretch and speed of stretch

golgi tendon organs

in tendons, sensitive changes in muscle force/tension

joint receptors

similar to ruffini and pacinian afferents, detect orientation of joints and limb positioning

facial stimuli goes through

midbrain > thalamus > cortex

upper body stimuli goes through

cervical spinal cord > midbrain > thalamus > cortex

lower body stimuli goes through

lumbar spinal cord >midbrain > thalamus > cortex

nociceptors

pain receptors sensitive to certain chemicals, chemical released when tissue damage occurs, action potentials travel along two paths

nociceptors rapid path

trigger reflexive reaction, mechanical chemical, and temp stimuli

nociceptors slower path

general pain reception, recognizing you’re in pain

vestibular system

provides stabilization, balance, and postural awareness to all sensory systems, mostly located in temporal bone connected to inner ear structures

utricle

hair cells respond to movements in horizontal plane

saccule

hair cells respond to movements in vertical plane

ampullae from each semicircular canal

hair cells respond to rotational accelerations

processes simple vestibular stimuli

vestibular nerve > vestibular nuclei

processes complex vestibular stimuli

vestibular nerve > vestibular nuclei > cerebellum > vestibular cortex

sensory systems most often combined for movement tasks

vision, vestibular, proprioception

vestibular nuclei

helps maintain upright posture and orient gaze

reticular formation

part of CNS that goes through brainstem to regulate timing and spatial coordination, cardio, respiratory, sensory motor, circadian rhythms and eye movements

feedforward mechanisms

anticipated action

feedback mechanisms

reaction to stimulus

neonate phase

0-3 months