Module 4 Vocabulary

A complete set of vocabulary flashcards covering the key terms, court cases, doctrines, acts, and concepts from Module 4.

Louisiana Purchase

Land deal which doubled the size of the US and provided vast lands for westward expansion

Judiciary Act

Law passed by Adams that created new courts and judgeships, all of whom were Federalists.

Marbury v. Madison

U.S. Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Supreme Court case that declared the Second Bank of the United States as constitutional and defined the scope of Congress's legislative power.

Judicial review

The power of a court to review the actions of the executive and legislative branches of government and determine if they are constitutional.

Embargo Act

US law that banned American ships from trading in all foreign ports, primarily to pressure Britain and France to respect American neutrality.

Non-Intercourse Act

US law that resumed trade after the Embargo Act with all nations except Britain and France.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of New England Federalist delegates to protest protest the War of 1812 and its negative economic impact on their region.

American System

Economic plan by Henry Clay that consisted of three parts: national bank, tariffs, and roads/canals to connect the nation.

Monroe Doctrine

US foreign policy statement from 1823 that declared the Western Hemisphere off-limits to further European colonization.

Missouri Compromise

US law that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states.

Temperance

Social movement that advocated for moderation or the elimination of alcohol consumption.

Cult of domesticity

19th-century ideology that defined women's primary roles as wives and mothers within the home.

unions

Organized associations of workers formed to protect and advance their rights and interests.

“Corrupt bargain”

Phrase that refers to the 1824 presidential election, where Andrew Jackson won despite not winning a majority percentage of total votes.

Spoils system

Political practice in which a victorious party replaces public officials with its own supporters.

Nullification

Legal theory that a state has the right to invalidate any federal law it deems unconstitutional.

Force Bill

Federal law passed during Nullification Crisis that authorized President Jackson to use military force to enforce tariffs in South Carolina.

Gag rule

House of Representatives rule from 1836 to 1844 that automatically rejected all anti-slavery petitions.

Indian Removal Act

US law that authorized the president to negotiate removal treaties with Native American tribes east of the Mississippi River.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

Supreme Court case that ruled the Cherokee Nation was not a foreign nation, but a "domestic dependent nation" under guardianship of the United States government.

Trail of Tears

Forced removal of the Five Civilized Tribes from their ancestral homelands to designated Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River, which resulted in thousands of deaths.

Whig Party

Major political party active that was formed primarily in opposition to President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party.

Abolitionist

A person who sought the immediate end to slavery in the United States, often through radical means.

Yeoman farmer

Small-scale landowner who owned and worked their own farm, typically using family labor rather than hired hands or slaves.

Romantic era

Artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that emphasized emotion, individualism, and nature as a response to the Enlightenment's rationalism and the Industrial Revolution.

The Second Great Awakening

Protestant religious revival movement in the early 19th century that featured emotional preaching, widespread revivals, and an emphasis on personal salvation and moral reform.

Boomtown

A community that experiences a sudden, rapid increase in population and business because of valuable resources or economic development.

Transcendentalism

19th-century intellectual and literary movement that promoted the belief that each person could discover divinity within nature, which could "remake" them.

Nativist

One who favors native-born inhabitants over immigrants, often stemming from fears that immigrants pose threats to national values and identity.

Underground Railroad

Secret network of abolitionists and "stations" that helped enslaved people escape to freedom.

"Come outer" movement

Movement of abolitionist Christians who withdrew places of worship because they didn't agree with their churches' positions on slavery.

Declaration of Sentiments

Document written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton at the Seneca Falls Convention to launch the organized movements for women's rights and suffrage.

Liberty Party

Abolitionist political party that advocated for the immediate end of slavery.

Free-Soil Party

Political party in the United States that primarily opposed the expansion of slavery into new western territories.