physics

The __ element at the bottom of the kettle heats up the water particles.

heating

In a kettle, warm water moves upwards while __ water moves downwards in a convection current.

cool

Convection currents occur when particles heat up and __, causing the warmer, less dense particles to rise.

expand

In an insulated drink bottle, the layer of __ reduces heat transfer by conduction to the surroundings.

air

Heat transfer by conduction works by the __ of particles colliding and transferring energy to neighboring particles.

movement

Comparatively, conduction through __ is more efficient than through air due to closer particle arrangement.

metal

The circuit in the torch shows a __ connection, allowing both lamps to glow at their rated brightness.

series

The power output of each lamp can be calculated using the equation P = IV, where V is the total voltage and I is the current.

power output

The total __ energy used by both lamps in 90 minutes can be calculated by multiplying power and time.

electrical

The gravitational potential energy (GPE) of the rocket at maximum height can be calculated using the formula GPE = mgh, where m is mass, g is gravitational acceleration, and h is height.

gravitational potential energy

The __ energy of the rocket just before it hit the ground can be calculated using the formula KE = 0.5mv^2, where m is mass and v is velocity.

kinetic

Ceramic’s high specific heat capacity is important because it can absorb a lot of heat __ before reaching damaging temperatures.

energy

The thermal insulation capabilities of ceramic are crucial for preventing heat __ from the outside environment to the spacecraft's interior.

transfer