psych130 final stuff

attachment

emotional bond w/ a special person that endures across space and time

secure base/base of operations

when a child feels safe, they move away from their caregiver to play and learn

Attachment Theory: Harlow (1958)

attachment develops due to a mother providing contact comfort rather than just food

Attachment Theory: Bowlby (1969)

children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments to caregivers to increase the chances of their own survival

Internal working model of attachment

constructed as a result of experiences with caregivers over time; shapes how people view themselves, how they expect others to behave, and how they navigate relationships throughout their lives

Attachment Theory: Mary Ainsworth

emotional bonds infants form with primary caregivers shape their social and emotional development

Strange Situation

measured the quality of mother-infant attachment; brief separations + reunion with caregiver

secure attachment

caregier is a secure base, distressed when mom leaves, comforted by her return

insecure/avoidant

ignore the caregiver, turn away from them, don’t seek comfort

insecure/resistant

clingy and won’t explore, extremely distressed when the caregiver leaves, seek comfort but bcome angry when it is provided

disorganized/disoriented

seems to have an unsolvable problem, want to approach their caregiver, but also seems to regard them as a source of fear from which they want to withdraw

Romanian Orphanages

170,000 children were being raised in impoverished institutions (overcrowded, unsanitary, lack of medical care, malnourished, chained to their bad

concurrent planning

two outcomes: baby gets reunified with biological parents OR stays with the adoptive parent

parental sensitivity

caregiving behavior that involves the expression of warmth and contigent responsiveness to children —> learning to read ur baby and responding in an appropriate way

casual association

interventions designed to enhance parental sensitivity improved child attachment to the caregiver

self

physical characteristics, personality traits, personal preferences, social relationships, ethnicity, culture, national origin, etc.

self-concept

a conceptual system made up of one’s thoughts and attitudes about onself: physical being, social characteristics, internal characteristics

social comparison

the process of comparing aspects of one’s own psychological, behavioral, or physical functioning to that of others to evaluate oneself

personal fable

a form of adolescent egocentrism that involves beliefs in the uniqueness of one’s own feelings and thoughts

imaginary audience

the perception stemming from adolescent egocentrism that everyone else is focused on the adolescent’s appearance and behavior

self-esteem

your subjective evaluation of your own personal worth and value

self-identity

description of self, and roles in which one believes defines oneself; “who am i?”

identity achievement

successful resolution of Erikson’s stage; you achieve an identity

Marcia

suggested identity development related to where an adolescent falls on dimensions of identity exploration vs. commitment

identity foreclosure

have not explored potential identities and has chosen an identity based on the choices or values of others

family

group involving at least one adult who is related to the child by birth, marriage, adoption, or foster status

family structure

number of and relationships among the people living in a household

direct effects

instances where any family member affects family member

indirect effects

instances where the relationship between 2 family members is influenced by the behavior/attitudes of a 3rd family member

socialization

the process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate for their present and future roles in their culture

discipline

the set of strategies and behaviors that parents use to teach children how to behave appropriately

punishment

a negative stimulus that follows a behavior to reduce the likelihood of that behavior happening again

internalization

effective discipline that leads to a permanent change in the child’s behavior; the child learned and accepted the desired behavior

authoritative parenting style

high in demandingness and supportiveness; set clear standards and limits for their children

authoritarian parenting style

high in demandingness and low in responsiveness; force their demends through threats and punishments + parental power

permissive parenting style

low in demandingness and high in responsiveness; they’re supportive but don’t regulate their child

uninvolved parenting style

low in demandingness and responsiveness; generally disengaged

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

same-sex marriages are constitutional

play

activities that children engage in for inherent enjoyment

unoccupied play

involuntary movement and discovering their body parts and surroundings

solitary play

entertaining themselves w/o social involvement

onlooker play

learning by observing their surroundings; learn social rules and interactions

parallel play

children playing in the same play area but not interacting with each other

associative play

children begin to interact while playing, watching/collaborating, and sharing toys and objects

cooperative play

involves collaboration, pretend play with rules, and interacting together as a team

friends

peers with whom individuals have intimate, reciprocated, and positive relationships

peers

people of approximately the same age and status

rich-get-richer hypothesis

internet is only beneficial to those who are already proficient in using internet skills

social-compensation hypothesis

online communication has benefits over face-to-face communication for lonely and socially anxious youths

cyberbullying

repeated and intentional harrasment through digital devices such as cell phones, computers, and tablets

popular

rated by their peers as being highly liked, accepted, and impactful

rejected

if they are low in acceptance and high in rejection, BUT have high impact

neglected

low in social impact, not especially liked or disliked; they go unnoticed

average

if they receive moderate ratings on both impact and preference

controversial

rated as very high in impact but average in preference; liked by quite a few children, disliked by quite a few others

monitoring

orchestrate and monitor their children’s interactions with peers

coaching

teaching children group-oriented strategies for gaining entry into a group of peers

The stage of Heteronomous morality

children who have NOT achieved concrete operational stage; rigid acceptance of rules

The stage of Autonomous morality

rules based on social interaction and social agreements of groups; rules can be changed

moral relativism

no longer accepting blind obedience to authority

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning

develops over time, through specific stages, uses the Heinz dilemma to assess moral reasoning

preconventional level

stage 1: self-centered, focused on getting rewards and avoiding punishment

stage 2: how is it gonna benefit the child themselves?

conventional level

stage 3: mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

stage 4: social system and conscience orientation (upholding the law and maintaining social order)

postconventional level

stage 5/6: social contract or individual rights orientation; somtimes law should be changed because human life is important

Gender and moral development: Gilligan

There is a difference in the way males and females reason morally bc of the way they are socialized

social domain theory

growth in moral development occurs through gradual changes based on children’s social interactions w/ peers and adults, through direct socialization from parents