Education - Minorities

What is an ethnic group?

people who share common history,customs and identity as well as religion and sometimes language

What is the highest performing ethnic group at GCSE?

chinese-83% achieve 5’s and above at GCSE

What is the lowest performing ethnic group at GCSE?

Black Caribbean (excluding travellers)-36% achieve 5’s or more at GCSE

Why do black caribbeans under perform according to cultural deprivation theorists?

in low income households children lack intellectual stimulation and enriching experiences

What is a concern with children who do not speak english at home?

they may struggle at school as they do not understand questions or feedback

What is a criticism of the idea that children with an English as a second language?

many Indian students don’t speak English at home but they are over-performing at school

According to Sewell why do black boys underachieve at school(2009)?

they go to gangs to find love and loyalty as they don’t have a father figure

Why does gang culture stop black boys from achieving in school?

it is an anti-school subculture

What did black boys think was the biggest barrier to success at school?

their own peers

What was doing well in school seen as to black boys?

selling out to the white establishment

Why do black students do worse than Asian students according to Sewell?

black boys are socialised by MTV whereas Asian students are putting effort into their education

What does Gillborn(2008) argue as the main reason for black underachievement ?

institutional racism

What is a criticism of Sewell’s theory?

it doesn’t explain why female black students also don’t do well as they often have strong maternal figures in their life

According to Murray (1984) why do black students underachieve?

lack of positive male role models due to high rates of lone parenthood

According to Moynihan(1965) why do black students underachieve?

face financial struggle because of lone parenthood,boys also lack good male role model of achievement

Why do Asian children do better according to Lupton(2004)?

more prevalent ideas of respect towards adults, parents are more likely to support school rules

According to the department of education(1997) who is the most likely ethnic group to be permanently excluded?

black (boys)

What did McCulloch (2014) find on who is more likely to aspire to go to university?

ethnic minorities

Why does Lupton theorise that white working class school have the worst behaviour and discipline ?

lower levels of parental support as parents may put less importance on education

What are ethnic minorities more likely to see school as?

a way up in society

According to Evans(2006) why do white working class students perform so badly at school?

W.C. culture spreads into school making children see school as a power play leading to disruption

How can cultural deprivation be tackled ?

compensatory education

What did Palmer(2012) find?

half of ethnic minorities live in low income households, 2x more likely to be unemployed, half of Pakistani and Bangladeshi worker on minimum wage

What areas are ethnic minorities more likely to live in?

areas that are economically depressed with high unemployment and low wages

What percentage of Chinese girls on free school meals achieve 5 GCSE’s?

86%

What percentage of white girls not on FSM achieve 5 GCSE’s?

65%

What did Modood (2004) find about the effect of low income?

low income had more of an effect on white students than ethnic minorities

What did Rex (1986) find about the living standard of white people compared to ethnic minorities?

minorities are more likely to live in substandard accommodation compared to white people of similar class

What did Wood et al (2010) find?

that out of 1000 applications 1/9 white applicants get an interview offered interview compared to 1/16 ethnic minorities

Who was the highest performing ethnicity at primary school?

black

Who was the lowest performing ethnicity at GCSE?

black

What are black students more likely to be labelled as ?

disruptive

Where does conflict between black students and teachers come from according to Gillborn and Youdell (2000)?

racial stereotypes

Who is most likely to be excluded according to Bourne(1994)?

black students

Who is most likely to be sent from the classroom according to Olser(2011)?

black students

What did Ferguson (2001) find on what black students thought they had to do to suceed?

they had to change themselves

What does Keddie theorise on minority students?

minority students are ethnically different instead of deprived

What is the halo policy?

policy that allows black students to wear their hair in protective styles

What is individual racism?

results form the prejudice views of the individual

What is institutional racism?

results from the inbuilt discrimination within institutions such as the police,media and education

How were Asian students discriminated against according to Wright (1992)?

they were excluded from class discussions,spoken to with simplistic language, teachers saw them as students to ignore

How did Asian students feel according to Wright (1992) ?

isolated and marginalised especially girls

What is the pathologised identity?

an Asian student with feminine identity who achieves through hard work not natural ability

What is the demonised identity?

black or white working class student who is hyper-sexualised and unintelligent, peer led, culturally deprived

What did Fuller find in her study on success and the self fulfilling prophecy?

students can succeed without conforming to schools middle class white values and that the self fulfilling prophecy does not always come true

Who did Fuller study?

black girls in Yr11 who succeed in school

What motivated the girls in Fuller’s study?

their anger from being labelled

What attitude did the girls in fuller’s study appear to have?

that they did not care about school and that they did not seek approval from teachers

Which ethnicity does labelling negatively affect the most?

black Caribbean

What is the cause of differences in ethnic achievement according to Troyna and Williams ?

institutional racism in school

What does marketisation allow schools to do according to Gillborn?

select pupils allowing for negative stereotypes to affect decisions

How are minority pupils stopped from getting to the best secondary schools?

screening out students with language difficulties and making applications difficult for non-English speakers to understand

What is the ethnocentric curriculum ?

curriculum which is based on white culture,history language ect.

What sections of black history are taught in schools?

slavery and civil rights

Why does the ethnocentric curriculum disadvantage minority students?

they are not taught their history affecting their self esteem and attitude to learning

What are some criticism of ethnocentric curriculum as a reason for differences in minority achievement?

maths and science are not affected by the ethnocentric curriculum,white British students also under-perform in school

What is the purpose of the ethnocentric curriculum?

to instill patriotism in children and to make immigrant children assimilate into British society

What does Gillborn say about assessments?

they are rigged to prove the superiority of the dominant culture

What is an example of Gillborn’s theory of superiority ?

the baseline assessments in primary school which had black children one of the highest performing groups were changed and black pupils then became on of the worst performing groups

What type of assessment puts minority children at a disadvantage according to Gillborn?

teacher based assessments

What does Sewell say about internal factors of minority underachievement ?

they do not have enough of an effect and that external factors are the reason for black underachievement in schools

What does the idea of hardworking Asian students help to hide according to Gillborn?

racism in the education system

How does the idea of the overachieving hardworking Asian student help to hide racism?

shifts the blame to black students who ‘don’t put in the work’,makes the system appear as a meritocracy