UNIT 3 WOODERT

Non-communicable disease

Medical condition not spread person to person, caused by genetic or environmental factors.

Cold

Common viral infection affecting nose and throat, causing coughing and congestion.

Circumcision

Surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis for cultural, religious, or medical reasons.

Hyperglycemia

High levels of sugar in the blood, often associated with diabetes.

Flu

Contagious viral infection affecting the respiratory system, causing fever and body aches.

Ovum

Mature egg cell released by ovaries during ovulation, capable of fertilization.

Insulin

Hormone regulating blood sugar levels by allowing cells to absorb glucose.

Pre-diabetes

Condition with higher than normal blood sugar levels, increasing risk of type 2 diabetes.

Red blood cells

Blood cells containing hemoglobin, responsible for oxygen transport.

Chlamydia

Common sexually transmitted infection caused by bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis.

White blood cells

Blood cells aiding the body in fighting infection and disease.

Platelets

Small cell fragments aiding in blood clotting to prevent excessive bleeding.

Plasma

Liquid component of blood carrying blood cells and other substances.

Heart arrhythmia

Abnormal heart rhythm causing the heart to beat too fast, too slow, or irregularly.

Fibrillation

Rapid, irregular contractions of muscle fibers, particularly in the heart.

Defibrillator

Medical device restoring normal heart rhythm by delivering an electric shock.

Cardiac arrest

Sudden cessation of heart function leading to loss of consciousness, pulse, and breathing.

Systolic

Higher number in blood pressure reading, representing pressure in arteries when the heart beats.

Diastolic

Lower number in blood pressure reading, representing pressure in arteries when the heart is at rest.

Hypertension

High blood pressure condition increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke.

Sphygmomanometer

Medical device measuring blood pressure by determining pressure exerted by blood against artery walls.

Cholesterol

Fatty substance in the blood vital for body function, high levels can increase heart disease risk.

HDL

High-density lipoprotein, 'good' cholesterol removing 'bad' cholesterol from the bloodstream.

LDL

Low-density lipoprotein, 'bad' cholesterol building up in artery walls, increasing heart disease risk.

Atherosclerosis

Condition where plaque builds up inside arteries, potentially leading to heart attack or stroke.

Coronary heart disease

Condition where plaque buildup in coronary arteries reduces blood flow to the heart muscle.

Stroke

Medical emergency caused by interrupted blood flow to the brain, leading to brain damage.

Endotoxin

Toxins produced by bacteria released when they die, causing harmful effects in the body.

Exotoxin

Toxins produced and secreted by bacteria, causing damage by targeting specific cells or tissues.

Immunization

Process of making a person immune to a disease by administering a vaccine.

Food poisoning

Illness caused by consuming contaminated food or water, leading to symptoms like nausea and diarrhea.

Salmonella

Bacterium causing food poisoning when ingested through contaminated food or water.

STI

Sexually transmitted infection spread through sexual contact.

Infectious disease

Disease caused by pathogenic microorganisms spread from one person to another.

Chronic disease

Long-lasting medical condition requiring ongoing care, such as diabetes.

mmHg

Millimeters of mercury, unit used to express blood pressure readings.

Angioplasty

Medical procedure to widen narrowed arteries using a balloon catheter.

Coronary bypass surgery

Surgical procedure creating new routes for blood flow to the heart muscle.

Mini stroke

Transient ischemic attack causing stroke-like symptoms resolving within 24 hours.

Risk factor

Attribute increasing the likelihood of developing a disease or injury.

Modifiable risk factor

Risk factor that can be changed through lifestyle or medical interventions.

Non-modifiable risk factor

Risk factor that cannot be changed, such as age or gender.

Cancer

Group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.

Tumor

Abnormal mass of tissue caused by uncontrolled cell growth, may be benign or malignant.

Malignant tumor

Cancerous tumor with potential to invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

Benign tumor

Non-cancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissues.

Radiation therapy

Treatment using high-dose radiation to kill cancer cells.

Chemotherapy

Treatment using drugs to kill or stop cancer cells.

Type 1 diabetes

Condition requiring lifelong insulin therapy.

Type 2 diabetes

Condition with insulin resistance or deficiency.

Gestational diabetes

Diabetes developing during pregnancy.

Osteoporosis

Condition of weakened bones increasing fracture risk.

Hypothalamus

Brain region regulating bodily functions and hormones.

Meiosis

Cell division producing reproductive cells with half chromosomes.

Progesterone

Hormone crucial in menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

Placenta

Organ for nutrient exchange and hormone production during pregnancy.

Prenatal care

Medical care for pregnant women before childbirth.

Sexuality

Complex human identity involving sexual orientation and behavior.

Contraceptive

Device or method to prevent pregnancy.

Testosterone

Hormone for male reproductive tissues and characteristics.

Estrogen

Hormone for female reproductive system and characteristics.

Ovulation

Release of a mature egg from the ovaries.

Menstruation

Monthly shedding of uterine lining in non-pregnant females.

Sperm

Male reproductive cells capable of fertilizing an egg.

Zygote

Cell formed by sperm and egg union during fertilization.

Conception

Fertilization of an egg by sperm, initiating pregnancy.

Ectopic pregnancy

Implantation of a fertilized egg outside the uterus.

Miscarriage

Spontaneous loss of pregnancy before viability.

Pre-diabetes in Overweight Teens

One out of every six overweight teens is pre-diabetic.

Chemotherapy and Hair Loss

Chemotherapy targets rapidly dividing cells, leading to hair loss.

Heart Attack Symptoms

Symptoms include radiating chest pain, heavy sweating, nausea, shortness of breath, and loss of consciousness.

Stroke Symptoms

Symptoms include tingling, numbness, paralysis, dizziness, vision issues, speech difficulties, and loss of consciousness.

Historical Impact of Infectious Diseases

Infectious diseases were the leading cause of death until the early 20th century.

Pathogen Types

Pathogens include viruses (e.g., flu, cold, HIV), bacteria (e.g., strep throat), fungi (e.g., athlete's foot), protozoa (e.g., giardia intestinalis), and multicellular parasites (e.g., tapeworm).

Chain of Infection

The chain includes infectious agent, reservoir host, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host.

Disease Stages

Stages include infection, incubation, prodromal, illness or clinical, and recovery.

Common Cold Prevalence

The common cold is the most frequently occurring disease.

Cold Virus Variants

There are over 200 different cold viruses.

Food Poisoning Causes

Improper cooking and storage are major causes of food poisoning.

Salmonella and Food Poisoning

Salmonella is a common cause of food poisoning.

Chlamydia as an STI

Chlamydia, caused by bacteria, is the most common sexually transmitted infection.

Chronic Diseases Impact

Chronic diseases account for 70% of deaths.

Normal Blood Pressure

Normal blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg.

Heart Attack and Stroke

Both are considered medical emergencies.

Mini Strokes

Mini strokes have symptoms lasting less than 24 hours and can precede full strokes.

Cancer Definition

Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.

Cancer Treatment

Surgical removal of tumors and surrounding tissue is a common cancer treatment.

Radiation Therapy

It prevents cancer cells from reproducing.

Smoking and Cancer

Smoking causes one-third of cancer deaths.

Lung Cancer and Related Cancers

Lung cancer can contribute to bladder, esophagus, and breast cancer.

Asthma Impact

Asthma is the leading cause of missed school days.

STD Recurrence

Anyone can get an STD, and it's possible to contract the same STD multiple times.

Syphilis Persistence

STDs like syphilis can reappear 10 to 20 years after initial infection.

Genital Herpes

Caused by a virus, it leads to small, painful blisters; affects 45 million people; not curable.

HPV (Human Papillomavirus)

Caused by a virus, sometimes asymptomatic but can cause genital warts; affects 20 million people; curable naturally.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

Caused by a virus, initial symptoms are flu-like and can progress to AIDS; affects 1 million people; not curable.

Chlamydia

Caused by bacteria, symptoms include abnormal discharge and painful urination; affects 2.3 million people; curable with antibiotics.

Syphilis

Caused by bacteria, symptoms include sores, rashes, fever, and swollen glands; affects 36,000 people; curable with antibiotics.

Trichomoniasis

Caused by a protozoa, symptoms include smelly discharge and painful urination/sex; affects 7.4 million people; curable with antimicrobial medication.

Gonorrhea

Caused by a protozoa, symptoms include painful discharge/urination and can lead to rectal infection; affects 70,000 people; curable with antibiotics.