PEAC 104 Key Terms

PEAC 104

Half free, half unfree

We are politically free, but there is a huge disparity between the rich and the poor (half unfree)

She sees economic unfreedom and political freedom as connected. Poverty can hinder one's political freedom

All of us, of all of us

Talking to all of those who are privileged people (Wellesley students), able to make a difference in the world, since we are all here, we need to support and rely on one another, and be the change that we want to see

Disinterested goodwill for all

Her desire for people (Wellesley students) to not care about themselves, but to also go out into the world and be creators of change

Nature v. Order tension

Nature = organic, and order = mechanistic

The struggle between the powerful drive to impose rational, efficient, just, and peaceful behavioral protocols. Science and technology offer the tools for creating a more rational and peaceful order, versus humans happily going on with their lives in relation to the flow of nature (humans recognizing the transformation of nature and going along with it).

Organic Utopia

When Boulding uses the term "organic" to describe utopian societies, she's referring to a longing for nature.

One example of an organic society is the Cherokee Nation.

Mechanistic Utopia

When Boulding uses the term "mechanistic" to describe utopian societies, she's referring to a passion for order.

One example of a mechanistic society is the Soviet Union.

Two-thirds world

Within the reading, Boulding calls other societies that are beyond the Western, industrialized world. She calls them this rather than presuming that they are underdeveloped or "below" other societies. She also says that this is where two-thirds of the world's population is.

This term highlights how most of the world lives in deep poverty, in stark contrast to the wealthy ⅓ of the population.

Idjwi

An island in the Democratic Republic of Congo, very close to Rwanda, and it is a peaceful settlement, even though its neighbors are fighting.

The author says that this is an example of a community that is at peace even though violence is all around them.

We hear a lot about the conflict in Congo, but not about those who have achieved a peaceful coexistence and highlight a bottom-up approach to peace.

Resolve Network

Started by Vijaya Thakur in order to help others rebuild their communities in a bottom-up approach instead of a top-down approach

Peace Inc

She (Séverine Autesserre) contrasts Peac inc with a bottom-up approach. She calls out the companies that go in and try to build peace, but they do not actually take into account what the people actually want.

The INC part comes from how these companies treat building peace as more of a company, because they have a system of assembly of bureaucracies, not grassroots.

Also focusing on big peace agreements, but not the aftermath.

Conflict

a tension or an interactive struggle between two or more seemingly incompatible participants.

Occurs across a continuum ranging from mild tension to extreme tension/conflict

Conflict is not sudden; it takes time and builds up. Conflict is also healthy within a community if it is constructive.

Dynamic society

sees personal violence but recognizes that there is structural violence that needs reforming

Working towards actively addressing and reducing all forms of violence

Static society

only sees personal violence

The social, economic, and political structures are so deeply entrenched and unequal that it appears normal or natural to those living with them.

Might appear tranquil, but it is hiding structural violence.

Psychological violence

violence as a form of direct/personal violence that injures the mind, psyche, or human spirit, often acting as a precursor or accompaniment to physical violence.

Examples: indoctrination, lies, brainwashing that restricts human potential and impairs self-realization, causing mental suffering instead of bodily harm.

Latent violence

something that is not there, yet might easily come about. Not observable and hidden a little bit.

Pimple analogy: a pimple you can’t see but feel under the skin.

Example: The Cold War or a peaceful demonstration in the streets (excessive policing present)

Manifest violence

observable, although not directly, since the theoretical entity of potential realization also enters the picture.

Pimple analogy: once the pimple comes to the surface and is visible.

Structural violence (indirect violence)

invisible, systemic, and built into social structures, this prevents people from meeting their basic needs, such as extreme poverty, social inequalities, and a lack of access to resources.

If a group or a monopoly causes harm, it is structural violence.

Examples: social injustice, education inequality, and economic inequality.

Personal violence (direct violence)

intentional, observable physical or psychological harm inflicted by a specific actor upon another

Clear subject-action-object relationship, like killing, beating, or verbal abuse, representing a "violent influence," that diminishes basic human needs.

Once you can identify the personal actor, then it is personal violence.

Violence

when human beings are being influenced so that their actual somatic and mental realizations are below their potential realizations.

The avoidable impairment of fundamental human needs prevents individuals or groups from reaching their full potential (intelligence, physical health, equality of life).

The difference between the potential and the actual has to be avoidable

Southern Prison Defense Committee (SPDC)

An Atlanta-based organization founded in the 1970s to provide legal representation to death row inmates and challenge inhumane prison conditions throughout the Southern USA. Assisted and condemned people on death row in Georgia.

Bryan Stevenson joined the SPDC to help those facing capital punishments

"Them without capital get the punishment." This quote highlights how the justice system, particularly regarding capital punishment, unfairly targets the poor while wealthier people can afford better legal services.

Keep close

Stevenson uses this term when describing the impacts of slavery on his family. The term comes from how Stevenson's grandmother would always tell him to “keep close” to the people he was trying to help.

Stevensons’ grandmother would tell him this so that he could help people in the best possible way and put his all into fighting for them.

Loving v. Virginia

1967 Supreme Court case in which anti-miscegenation laws were struck down.

These laws were seen to have gone against the Equal Protection Clause within the United States Constitution, and therefore, it became unconstitutional to have anti-miscegenation laws in place.

Even though these laws were struck down on a federal level, there were still restrictions on interracial marriage on the state level.

Highlights how even when there is a move towards paradig,m structural violence can be so deep that it is difficult to overcome.

Power Pathologies

the lethal intersection of structural violence, poverty, and political/economic inequality, where social forces directly cause disease and human rights violations among the disempowered.

Preferential Option for the Poor

A moral and practical commitment to prioritize the needs of the marginalized, treating them with solidarity rather than mere charity.

The church should choose to not act against poverty and favor the poor, especially in the healthcare industry, where the poor are disproportionately affected by diseases (originating from liberation theology).

Observe, judge, act

a three-part methodology to turn social justice principles into concrete action in global health.

Observe: involves more than seeing; it requires “hard-bitten social analyses” and careful, detailed examination of the conditions of the poor.

Judge: the process of evaluating the observed conditions against a standard of justice, specifically asking, “Is this okay? Are these situations acceptable?”

The requirement to move beyond sentiment empathy, or theoretical analysis, to take concrete, tangible, and pragmatic action to change the situation.

Conscientization

The process of acquiring a “critical consciousness” that allows individuals to understand the social and political forces, specifically structural violence, that shape their lives and health.

educating yourself about structural violence and also your participation in that structure

Become conscious of the violence around you

Acéphie

a girl who died in Haiti because she got AIDS

Highlights the structural violence and healthcare inequality of the poor.

Can be connected to Bryan Stevenson —> intersection of health and violence

Farmer

Chouchou

A man who was beaten to death by soldiers in Haiti for voicing his opinion.

Highlights the structural violence and corrupt law system within Haiti and how the poor are treated poorly due to their economic status.

Also demonstrates how structural violence goes hand-in-hand with personal violence —> one type of violence can cause the other

Farmer

Bearing witness

a profound action-oriented commitment to observing, documenting, and speaking out against the suffering caused by structural violence and social inequality.

Very similar to the idea of “keep-close”

Avery Jenkins

jenkins was a mentally ill person who had gone through various traumatizing experiences, leading him to become disoriented, causing him to stab an older man to death

his story highlights how abuse, neglect, and mental illness can shape a person’s actions

shows how dehumanization allows injustice to continue unchecked —> bryan stevenson reveals how we need to see the humanization of others to seek justice

Herbert Richardson

a black veteran with PTSD and other mental illnesses who was sentenced to capital murder after unintentionally killing the niece of his lover in an attempt to win her back

his story highlights how trauma and mental illness can lead to tragic outcomes within the justice system

this further demonstrates structural violence in static societies —> because even if the staff member carrying out his execution were uncomfortable with the system they still did it because it was their job

if a society is so deeply entrenched in strucutral violence they will begin to obey the system that opresses others

Peaceful Relationships

peaceful relationships (positive peace) are those in which individuals or groups are enabled to achieve together goals that they could not have reached separately.

Relating to conflict, as conflict focuses on meeting/achieving goals together

We could also reach unpeaceful aims together…so therefore what is being achieved as a group is incredibly important.

Adam Curle

Negative Peace

the mere absence of direct/personal violence and presence of social injustice

Described as “negative” because it describes the absence of something undesirable rather than the presence of something possible. It represents a state where organized killing is stopped, often through peacekeeping or forced separation of conflicting parties, but underlying structural or cultural violence may exist. Many times, we see “peace” or tranquility when in reality it is only negative peace.

Johan Galtung

Postive Peace

the absence of structural violence and the presence of social justice

Represents a sustainable state in which social, economic, and political structures facilitate the realization of human potential rather than hindering it through inequality or injustice. Society is reaching an adequate level of economic equality.

Johan Galtung

Dyanmic Peace

a process-oriented state of affairs that enables the nonviolent and creative handling of conflict.

The ongoing process of laying a solid foundation for peaceful relations between people, groups, or nations.

we may not get there (peace), but we are all working together to make it happen

Jo Vellacott

WILPF (Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom)

the world’s oldest continuously active feminist peace organization, founded in 1915 to oppose World War 1 and advocate for lasting peace. Headquartered in Geneva with national sections globally, it works to end war through nonviolent means, promoting disarmament, human rights, and women’s representation in security. If there is so much economic strain on the German people, they will grow angry, and there will be a rise of another rebellion and retaliation.

Founded by leaders like Jane Addams at the International Congress of Women in The Hague, it was originally known as the Women’s Peace Party

Consultative status with the United Nations, allowing it to influence policy from the grassroots to international levels.

Everyday peace indicators

community members identify their own measures of peace and create meaningful indicators for communities affected by conflict

shifts focus from top-down, state-centric measures to locally defined, bottom-up indicators of safety and reconciliation

Small-p peacebuilding

more localized relationship-oriented peacebuilding at the community level, strengthening the social fabric of society

“strengthening social fabric”: focuses on rebuilding trust, fostering dialogue, and strengthening societal resilience at the community level

also relates to “bottom-up” peacebuilding, as small-p peacebuilding shifts the focus from political deals to grassroots and locally led initiatives

Firchow

Big-p peacebuilding

large-scale interventions that include everything from global intervention to health intervention, like the UN

more evidence-based impact

provides the structural “top-down” framework

need both big and small-p peacebuilding

Firchow

Culture of peace

identities tied to that community, local forms of conflict resolutions, life is special

main example Idjiwi (Autesserre): “Idjiwi’s stability results from and organic, contingent process, rooted in its particular location, history, culture and internal politics.”

explains how nations like Idjiwi can establish and maintain peace on the commmunity level —> as a whole/without outsider intervention

Participatory Action Research

long term process of changing approach by developing research through community members

empowers ordinary people to analyze and design solutions to their problems in an iterative process

shifts power from academic observers to community members —> transforming research into action for structural change

Life and Peace Institute (LPI)

an international, ecumenical, non-governmental organization based in Sweden, dedicated to nonviolent conflict transformation and peacebuilding —> mainly in South Africa

Autesserre explains how LPI was the role model for many organizations trying to utilize the bottom-up approach of peacebuilding (one of the first of its kind)

yet its flaws highlight how important it is to be targeting local groups/organizations directly rather than indirectly

GPI (Global Peace Index)

an annual index that measures peace based on 24 indicators, and create seperate scores for 162 countries

enables researchers to quantify peace-moving beyond just “negative peace” (absence of violence) to analyzing “positive peace” (attitudes, institutions, and structures that sustain peace

since it is quantitative, it misses important chunks of information/data that are community-based

PPI (Positive Peace Index)

a comprehensive annual metric developed by the Institute for Economics and Peace that measures the attitudes, institutions, and structures that create and sustain peaceful, resilient societies —> based on 8 pillars

other indicators, economics, rights, government, economic impact on government and politics

unlike the GPI (which measures the absence of violence), PPI defines the presence of the conditions required for a society to flourish

Gender as a social construct

a social system that structures hierarchical power relations

unequal access to power and resources legitimized + made to appear normal, unremarkable

differences based on sex/bodies appear natural/unchangeable

meanings attached to what is coded masculine are more highly valued than meanings associated with femininity

intersecting with other systems of power (e.g., race, class, ethnicity, disability, etc)

Hegemonic masculinity

the dominant, culturally exalted form of masculinity that justifies the subordination of women, and the marginalization of other (non-hegemonic) masculines

Gender hierarchies

pervasive, systemic, social structures that use gender-based mechanisms to establish and enforce relationships of dominance and subordination

this privileges masculinity and men while marginalizing femininity and women, influencing how power is distributed, and violence is experienced in both war and peacetime.

Walter McMillan

pivotal figure in peace and justice studies, representing the systemic failures of the criminal justice system —> specficially regarding racial bias and wrongful conviction

was a client of Bryan Stevenson, who helped defend his case and free him from capital punishment in alabama

his story demonstrates the urgent need for legal reform —> direct and indirect violence

humanizing the exonerated —> shifts perspective from abstract legal statistics, to the lived reality of injustice

McCleskey vs. Kemp

perpetuates the criminalization of race in general and contributes to a lot of the structural violence that people face on the racial level in the United States.

proceedings of the case → defense lawyers brought up this case, presented that the race of the defendant determined whether or not the defendant got the death penalty.

Black people are more likely to have been admitted to death row

Discrepency between the defendant being black and the victim being white.

Case was lost by the defendant

Emmett Till: shows the pattern of discrimination and violence against black men → black men are criminalized and seen as more violent (gender plays a big role).

Intractable Conflict

Dugan

Introduction of curle dugan model

Conflicts that have lingered for a long time and have defied solutions → used as an excuse to not resolve conflict

If no one has been able to solve this, then it must be the people

Dugan criticizes this and says that nothing is intractable because it is not being dealt with at the root cause → those that happen outside the US (Ukraine-Russia)

Race relations and injustice = intractable conflicts happen in the US → Curle Dugan model can apply to conflicts in the US

Unpeaceful Relationships

Curle → either or both parties are damaged by the relationship, possibly through violence in its various forms (direct, structural, psychological, economic, etc.)

We want to go from unpeaceful relationships to peaceful relationships

Dugan → one party has power over another and uses control over resources to disadvantage the other party

Difference between actual and potential

Peaceful Relationships

Curle → both parties gain something by being together that they wouldn't if they were by themselves

Gaining more advantages than disadvantages and more positive undertones of harmony and collaboration (positive peace basically)

Awareness

people not knowing that there is structural violence happening

Curle and Dugan say that when there is low public awareness, there needs to be education

Balance/Parity

getting on equal footing

Not trying to gain more power than the other party, but to restore relationships so that they are peaceful

Curle’s 6 Components of Peacemaking

Research: the peacemaker gains in-depth knowledge of the conflict, the parties involved, and the underlying issues to work effectively

Education: raising the awareness of the weaker party allies, or the public, regarding the unfairness of the situation, often involving nonviolence training

Confrontation: nonviolent actions aimed at the stronger party to break the status quo, highlighting injustice, and balance the power dynamic

Conciliation: establishing a foundation for change by reducing tension, changing perceptions, and building trust to allow for dialogue

Bargaining: the process where parties directly negotiate a settlement and find an acceptable resolution without making unreasonable concessions

Development: restructuring the formerly unpeaceful relationship into a constructive one to maintain long-term, positive peace

These transform relationships to become peaceful ones

Levels of parity/balance will help determine which component to make

Stone Thrower

Bryan Stevenson talking to an old lady outside of the courtroom

those who contribute to a culture of condemnation, punitive justice, and societal indifference, particularly within the criminal justice system

based on a biblical reference from the New Testament —> someone who is eager to condemn, judge, or punish others, often while ignoring their own moral failings

Stone Catcher

Talking to an older lady outside of the courtroom

a person who intervenes to protect, defend, and show compassion to individuals facing condemnation, judgment, or harsh punishment

biblical story of Jesus and the woman who committed adultery —> standing between the accusers and the accused to break cycles of anger, fear, and excessive punishment

woman (old lady) did not feel happy even after her grandsons murderers recieved excessive punishment —> leading her to sit outside the courtrooms and be there for others who needed a shoulder to lean on

Peaceland

Land that is inhabited by Peace Inc

Lalaland of top-down peacebuilders

Further separating peacebuilders from the people that they are trying to help

Curriculum Idiots

People in Peaceland who have all of these theories but do not have any of the skills → people blindly following what they have learned in school, but apply a “cookie-cutter” approach to peacebuilding

Not trusting in the communities they are trying to help

Liberal Peace Agenda

A very cookie-cutter way of peacebuilding

Starting with elections → part of the election fetish (do not set the right foundation or structure for elections)

DEMOCRACY BUILDING, SECURITY SECTOR REFORM, and ESTABLISHING SIMILAR BODIES OF GOVERNMENT FROM WESTERN COUNTRIES

A package that focuses on certain things in conflict zones that are all the same → imposition of Western institutions without a carefully drawn process that is created with the knowledge and the skills of those involved

Election Fetish

the obsession with trying to impose democratic principles, especially the election system, without setting a base for that election system

Elections automatically lead to peace

Decolonization

process by which you substitute one species of men for another → regain their agency

Will always be violent

Not arguing for violence, rather stating that the violence is inevitable in this process.

Fanon

Quintessence of Evil

colonizers see the colonized as the most evil beings out there.

“They are evil and violent.”

Use this to justify the implementation of Western ideals (colonization) in other countries.

Fanon

Compartmentalized World

separation of colonizers' spaces and colonized spaces so that they will never touch one another unless it is through violence.

Easy for French people to never see Algerians because they are separated

Colonization starts to colonize the mind, even (colonized mind) “we deserve this rank in society because we are less than.”

Fanon

Colonized Intellectual

“The intellectual who, for his part, has adopted the abstract, universal values of the colonizer.”

Negotiate with the colonizers and compromise, yet they are negotiating on the colonizers' terms without realizing it.

Fanon says this is BS. The colonizers will continue to see the colonized as animals. You can only negotiate from a position of power.

Fanon

Nonviolent Action

Fighting back (nonviolently) against injustice – a form of warfare (Sharp)

People power (power equalizer)

Draws external support

Political jiujitsu

Forcing the opponent to do what you want them to do

Gene Sharp calls it nonviolent warfare → forcing opponent to do what you want them to do

Satyagraha

developed by Mahatma Gandhi —> a philosophy of nonviolent resistance meaning “truth force” or “truth seeking”

a method of engaging in conflict by refusing to cooperate with injustice with appealing to the oppressor’s conscience through moral persuastion, self suffering, and nonviolence

bridges the gap between ethical principles and political action

focuses on transforming the relationship between opponents rather than merely defeating them and has been a key framework for nonviolent action against discrimination and oppression

Moral Jiujitsu

appealing to the better side of the opponent to convince them, to persuade them not to do any harm

convincing the opposing side not to engage in violence

shocks opponents, disrupting their intended narrative and challenging their morality

Eddie Dickerson

example of where moral jiujitsu had an affect in converting his ideals

beat up a group of CORE protestors who where attempting to integrate lunch counters but he found himself haunted by their nonviolence —> making him reflect on his actions and change his mind and then he became an advocate for social justice

Pacifism

the active, moral, or practical opposition to war and the use of violence to achieve social, political, or economic goals

rejects war as an acceptable means for obtaining peace

promotes positive peace —> the removal of structural violence and the fostering of cooperative, harmonious relationships

provides practical alternatives to violence including mediation, negotiation, and civil resistance

Gandhi

key leader in non-violent action against the British to gain Indian independence

developed satyagraha, nonviolent resistance

promotion of positive peace over negative peace (systemic injustices)

restorative justice —> focusing on reconciliation and healing relationships over merely punishing oppressors

Salt March

Organized by Gandhi in 1930 —> a march to the sea to encourage locals to make their own salt to protest the taxes imposed on Indian salt by the British

prime example of satyagraha, strategic civil disobedience, and mass mobilization against injustice

confrontation stage in curle and dugan’s model

Gene Sharp

combines the philosophy of nonviolence with solidarity, persistence, and struggle, causing the violence of the opponent's oppression to be exposed in the worst possible light

Theorist of non-violent action

mapped specific methods of nonviolent action —> argued that power is monolithic but relies on the obedience of citizens

Nonviolent Action Strategy

Conversion: opposition takes on the ideals of those who are fighting

Accommodation: compromising – opposing side is not the happiest, but they will compromise

Coercion: opposition is complying because they feel as if they do not have a choice

King Center List for Nonviolent Action

often referred to as the six steps for nonviolent social change

a strategic framework designed to address injustice through active, nonviolent methods

1). information gathering: researching the facts of an injustice to become an expert and avoid relying on others

2). education: informing the community and the opposition about the issue using media

3). personal commitment: daily commitment to nonviolence, preparing potential challenges

4). negotiation: engaging opponents to reach a win-win resolution

5). direct action: implementing actions like boycotts, marches or petitions when negotiations fail to create “creative tension”

6). reconciliation: the final, mandatory step of bringing all parties together celebrate victory

Peace as a doing (purposeful action)

active, continuous engagement in building positive peace

not merely the absence of war, but the active creation of a just and equitable society —> practice of justice through nonviolent activism, mediation, and community-level transformation

Community Organizing

definition by DSNI themselves

The process of gathering people together to jointly determine issues, strategies, and plans, to engage in collective action to realize change, build power, and build democratic institutions and groups that embody that power.

Small-p Peacebuilding, bottom-up peacebuilding, participatory action research, dynamic peace, LPI → adopted participatory action research

A powerful way to combat structural violence

Peaceful relationships/positive peace

DSNI (Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative)

resident-led, Boston-based non-profit to revitalize the neglected Roxbury/Dorchester area through community planning, land trust, and empowerment

promotes economic/racial justice by tackling disinvestments, securing eminent domain for community-led development without displacement

example of bottom-up peacebuilding

Redlining

refers to the practice of marking a red line on a map to delineate the area where banks would not invest

The Roxbury and Dudley area was a redline triangle (would not lend money or mortgages)

Blockbusting

a business practice of US real estate agents and building developers meant to encourage white property owners to sell their houses at a loss, by implying racial minorities were moving into their previously racially segregated neighborhoods, thus depressing real estate property values.

Eminent Domain

Written in the US Constitution, property cannot be taken without just cause → if the government deems there is a just cause for seizing your property, they can take it for the greater good

Power of the government to purchase your government → they make you sell it to them for reasons of public good

STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE (seizing POC’s houses for eminent domain)

DSNI was able to turn it on its head and use it for community benefit instead of for the benefit of corporations → seize and purchase properties that were owned by landlords and give them to DNI to establish houses on the community land trust

Community Land Trust

community members putting money into housing projects so that housing stays affordable for locals

role of the developer to build on the land owned by the community land trust

lower-cost bank loans (mass housing) or a quasi-bank agency that supports affordable housing fundraising

promoting racial and economic equity, preventing displacements, and fostering democratic community control over land

collective well-being and collective power

Asset-based community development

starts with what is already present in the community —> individuals’, families’ skills and talents

associations like clubs + formal institutions

internallyfocused on relatoinship driven —> does opposite of needs-based development

Poor People's Movement

Proposes a solution to the problem of mass incarceration (The New Jim Crow)

Solution by the civil rights movement → has been to go and fight each case in court, and to go through the criminal legal system

What we need is a movement like the Poor People's Movement

Movement by MLK Jr to demand economic justice and racism/discrimination

Marsha Colbey

Bryan Stevenson → EJI (Equal Justice Initiative)

Wrongly convicted of capital murder in 2007 and sentenced to life imprisonment without parole, she gave birth to a stillborn baby

Bryan Stevenson helped her appeal the case and ordered a new trial

Highlights how intersectional direct and indirect violence are (poor→ indirect) (charges against her → direct)

The Jena 6

Six black teenagers charged with attempted murder in 2006-2007 following a school fight with a white student in Jena, Louisiana, which occurred after nooses were hung from a tree

The case highlighted the structural (indirect) violence in the criminal justice system → prosecutorial discrimination, and racial bias

The power of grassroots organizing and fighting racial injustice within the court system

Colorblindness

Michelle Alexnader

The idea of ignoring race or skin color or treating everyone the same → will end racism

In her chapter The Fire This Time, Alexander calls out colorblindness for keeping inherently racist systems, racist

“...we rationalize the systemic discrimination and exclusion and turn a blind eye to the suffering” (referring to POC being swept up into the incarceration system)

Emphasizes that for systemic issues to be resolved, they need to be addressed at the root cause → no one can be seen as truly equal until these systems are demolished

Also highlights the racial injustices within the United States and the ignoring of the problem → allowing the issues to continue as forms of indirect violene

Colorblindness = latent violence

Taking down structures of colorblindness = manifest violence

Bottom-up Peace

Autesserre (ending of her book)

Sustained grassroots peacebuilding initiatives led by insiders

Zones of peace (examples): Idjiwi, Somliland, South American place I forgot name??

Bottom-up peace cultivates cultures of peace

Opposite of top-down

Model Intervener

someone who goes as an outsider in a community to help, and instead of going in as Peace Inc, they go in to ask questions

Autesserre

They are humble, flexible, know the people, culture, and probably the language

Engages in collaborative work with communities to do the work of peacebuilding