The solubility of Substance

Solubility of nitrates

All nitrates are soluble

Solubility of hydrogencarbonates

Most are soluble

Solubility of chlorides, bromides, iodides

All soluble except Ag⁺ and Pb²⁺.

PbCl₂ and PbBr₂ solubility

Soluble in hot water

Solubility of sulfates

All soluble except BaSO₄ and PbSO₄.

Slightly soluble sulfates

CaSO₄ and Ag₂SO₄

Solubility of sulfites

All insoluble except Group I and NH₄⁺.

Solubility of carbonates

All insoluble except Na⁺, K⁺, and NH₄⁺.

Solubility of hydroxides

All insoluble except NaOH and KOH

Slightly soluble hydroxides

Ca(OH)₂ and Ba(OH)₂

Solubility of oxides

All insoluble except Na₂O and K₂O.

General solubility rule (always soluble)

Salts of Na⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, and NO₃⁻

Why use distilled water?

Avoid contamination from ions in tap water

Glassware requirement

Must be clean but not necessarily dry

Handling reagents

Never return excess reagent to bottle

Mixing solutions

Flick the test tube gently to mix

Safety when mixing

Never cover test tube with finger or shake toward yourself

Observation of solid samples

Note colour, shape, and crystal form before testing