anth 1220 - week 13, globalization

What do the Kayapo illustrate about Indigenous peoples in a global world?

The Kayapo of Brazil show how Indigenous peoples are affected by globalization by resisting logging, ranching, mining, and hydroelectric dams on their land.

What have the Kayapo been fighting since the 1970s?

They have been fighting encroachment on their lands for logging, ranching, mining, and hydroelectric dams.

What happened when the Kayapo opposed the Xingu River dam in the 1980s?

They travelled to Washington to speak against it, and the World Bank deferred the loan.

What changed by the 2010s regarding the Xingu River dam?

China replaced the World Bank as the funder of the dam.

What were the two phases of theorizing about global relationships?

Phase 1 was the Cold War period and Phase 2 was the Post-Cold War period.

What characterized Phase 1 of global relationship theory?

US vs USSR rivalry, fears of nuclear war, decolonization, and modernization vs dependency theories.

What characterized Phase 2 of global relationship theory?

The breakdown of the 1st/2nd/3rd World system, instability, and the triumph of neoliberalism.

What is modernization theory?

A Cold War theory that assumed problems in former colonies were temporary growing pains and that success came from imitating 1st World nations.

How did modernization theory view economic turmoil?

It was seen as necessary for social development.

What was seen as the key to success in modernization theory?

Imitating the practices of First World nations.

What is dependency theory?

A theory arguing that former colonies remain poor because they have no colonies of their own to exploit, so imitation alone will not help.

Who developed world-systems theory?

Immanuel Wallerstein.

What is world-systems theory?

A theory that sees the world as an economic system divided into core, periphery, and semi-periphery.

What is the core in world-systems theory?

The powerful regions that exploit the periphery.

What is the periphery in world-systems theory?

The weaker regions that are exploited by the core.

What is the semi-periphery in world-systems theory?

Regions with enough capital to act as intermediaries between core and periphery.

How can countries leave the world-system according to Wallerstein?

By moving into another category or overthrowing the system.

What is globalization?

The reshaping of local conditions by powerful global forces on an intensifying but uneven scale.

How does globalization connect local and global?

Global forces shape local events, and local events can also affect distant places.

What did Arjun Appadurai think about the world-system?

He believed there was not much real “system” in it.

What did Jonathan Friedman think the lack of system showed?

It showed the breakdown of Western global hegemony.

What did Wallerstein think about the system?

He believed it was on its way out.

How is globalization defined by Anthony Giddens?

The intensification of worldwide social relations linking distant localities so local events are shaped by distant events and vice versa.

What are Appadurai’s five scapes of globalization?

Ethnoscapes, technoscapes, ideoscapes, financescapes, and mediascapes.

What is an ethnoscape?

The flow of people across boundaries, including migrants, refugees, and tourists.

Why is tourism important in ethnoscapes?

It creates contact between people who would not normally meet and can create both benefits and unequal power relations.

What is a technoscape?

The flow of technology across borders.

How does the iPhone represent technoscapes?

Global demand drives harsh labour conditions and affects international wealth distribution.

What is an ideoscape?

The flow of ideas across borders.

What are examples of ideoscapes?

Social media like TikTok and Instagram, and missionaries spreading beliefs.

Does exposure to ideas guarantee adoption?

No, people may reject or reinterpret ideas in unexpected ways.

What is a financescape?

The flow of money across borders.

How has financescape changed recently?

It has accelerated dramatically compared to earlier centuries.

What is a mediascape?

The flow of media across borders.

How did older communication differ from today’s mediascape?

News once took weeks or months to travel, but now technology allows near-instant communication.

What example shows slow communication in the past?

In 1755, news of the Great Lisbon Earthquake took three weeks to reach London.

What is cultural imperialism?

The idea that Western culture spreads globally and dominates other cultures, creating homogenization.

What is the problem with cultural imperialism theory?

It assumes non-Western people have no agency.

Can cultural flows move outside the West?

Yes, they can move from non-Western place to non-Western place without involving the West.

What is glocalization?

The adaptation of global ideas into forms that fit local tastes and meanings.

How does McDonald’s show glocalization?

It adapts menus to local tastes, while locals may use it differently than intended, such as a dating spot.

How did traditional Ecuadorian weavers respond to globalization?

They organized small firms, bought TVs, increased weaving production, and used cookers to save time.

How did globalization affect women weavers in Ecuador?

Women were encouraged to weave more, but they still kept household duties.

What is one advantage of mediascapes?

They make people in the Global North more aware of injustices elsewhere.

How do protest movements spread globally?

Through social media campaigns and rapid communication.

How does technoscape help humanitarian crises?

It allows donations of money, blood, and support through fast communication.

What new ethnoscapes result from disasters?

People volunteering their labour in disaster zones.

What are major disadvantages of globalization?

Climate change, epidemic disease, inequality, and increased radicalization.

How does globalization contribute to climate change problems?

It creates displacement and refugee crises, such as large refugee camps in Bangladesh.

How is disease linked to globalization?

Global movement of people and goods helps diseases like COVID-19 and AIDS spread rapidly.

How has neoliberalism increased inequality?

It has widened wealth gaps and made people more vulnerable to radicalization.

What social problems rise with inequality?

Xenophobia, racism, sexism, and homophobia increase as people seek scapegoats.

How did globalization affect Jamaican dairy and agriculture?

Foreign imports were cheaper than local goods, destroying local industries.

Why were foreign goods preferred in Jamaica?

They were cheaper than locally produced products.

What was the result of unfair competition in Jamaica?

Local industries declined and national debt rose.

What is Jamaica’s national debt mentioned in the notes?

About $14 billion.