Motor Speech Quiz 3

what does stroke in the cerebellum cause?

ataxic speech

what is ataxic speech?

drunken speech, incoordinated

the basal ganglia and cerebrum link…

the association cortex with the motor cortex

the basal ganglia and the cerebellum send coordinated motor information to the primary motor cortex through the:

thalamus

what is the basal ganglia comprised of?

• caudate nucleus

• putamen

• globus pallidus

the basal ganglia functions with and is dependent on

dopamine

dopamine is produced in the

substantia nigra

the basal ganglia act as a filter to prevent:

unwanted movements

what happens when there is too much dopamine?

movements are exaggerated and are without purpose (lose inhibitory abilities)

gait means

how somebody walks

overly inhibited means

too much movement; too excited

the basal ganglia helps regulate

muscle tone

stabilizing the shoulders during writing is an example of:

controlling postural adjustments during skilled movements

the basal ganglia contribute to movement by:

planning and refining slow, continuous movements

arm swing during walking is an example of the basal ganglia’s role in:

regulating movements that support goal-directed activities

the basal ganglia assists in learning, preparation, and ______ of movement.

initiation

the basal ganglia scale the force, amplitude, and ______ of movement.

duration

what are the two major types of movement disorders?

hypokinesia and hyperkinesia

hypokinesa refers to:

too little movement

hyperkinesia refers to:

excessive involuntary movement

Parkinson’s disease is associated with:

hypokinetic dysarthria

Huntington’s disease is an example of:

hyperkinesia

dyskinesias are:

abnormal involuntary movements

tardive dyskinesia is commonly associated with prolonged use of:

antipsychotic drugs

myoclonus consists of involuntary single or repetitive rhythmic or nonrhythmic:

jerks

tourette’s syndrome is associated with:

tics

Ballismus is characterized by:

wild flailing movements

chorea involves:

involuntary, rapid, non-stereotypic random purposeless movements

dystonia involves involuntary abnormal:

postures

writer’s cramp is an example of:

dystonia

torticollis is

rigid muscles (unable to move neck)

the most common involuntary movement disorder is:

tremor

essential tremor occurs with sustained:

posture

true or false: alcohol affects the cerebellum

true

the cerebellum is the center for control of:

coordinated movement

the cerebellum maintains muscle tone and:

balance

the cerebellum receives input from the:

association cortex, vestibular labyrinth, visual, tactile, and proprioceptive sensory receptors throughout the body

the cerebellum affects all stages of:

speech activity

the cerebellum receives sensory input from the:

tongue, lips, jaw, larynx, and auditory system

loop means

planning and programming of learned movements from cerebellum, through thalamus, to motor strip

decomposition of movement results in movements that are:

jerky and irregular

dysmetria is the inability to gauge:

distance, speed, and power of movement

dyssynergia refers to a loss of:

coordination

ataxia is the combined effects of decomposition, dysmetria, and:

dyssnergia

when the cerebellum is damaged ______ and ______ (action) are often present.

nystagmus and intention

nystagmus means

eyes are moving back and forth quickly

common speech characteristics of cerebellar damage include:

• excessive or equal stress

• slowed rate

• imprecise consonants

• distorted vowels

• monopitch

• monoloudness

the thalamus is an important ______ matter structure.

gray

the thalamus is considered the doorway through which subcortical systems communicate with the:

cerebral cortex

the thalamus recieves neural inputs of planned motor movements from:

the basal ganglia and cerebellum

sensory impulses from the body pass through the thalamus on the way to the:

cortex

the primary motor cortex receives neural motor impulses processed by the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and:

thalamus

descending motor tracts run from:

the cortex to brainstem and spinal cord

the pyramidal system controls:

voluntary, fine motor movements

the pyramidal system works at:

a direct conscious level

the extrapyramidal system primarily controls:

postural support

the extrapyramidal system works at:

an unconscious level

the pyramidal system is part of the:

UMN system

the two major tracts of the pyramidal system are the:

corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts

direct transmission of voluntary impulses to LMNs of the head, neck, trunk, and extremities is a function of the:

the pyramidal system

motor impulses carried by the pyramidal system are:

cortically initiated and voluntary

axons of pyramidal cells convey action potentials to the motor nuclei of the:

cranial and spinal nerves

a facilitative effect on LMNs allows for:

finely controlled discrete movements needed for speech

true or false: the corticobulbar tract innervates motor nuclei of cranial nerves

true

what cranial nerves are involved with speech?

• Trigeminal Nerve (V)

• Facial Nerve (VII)

• Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)

• Vagus Nerve (X)

• Accessory Nerve (XI)

• Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)

_____ tract fibers have direct connection to spinal nerves in anterior horn of spinal cord including those serving respiration.

corticospinal

the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts both travel through the:

internal capsule

the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts contain both _____ and ______ components.

motor and sensory

discrete, rapid voluntary movements are controlled by the:

corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts

______ muscles are represented in an upside-down fashion along the motor strip.

striated

cells that supply motor impulses to upper body parts are located in inferior portions of the:

gyrus

cells that supply motor impulses to lower body parts are located in:

more superior precentral regions

the number of motor neurons devoted to striated muscle reflect the:

degree of fine motor control required; not muscle size

homoculus

upside down fashion

right hemisphere stroke causes

left sided weakness

left hemisphere stroke causes

right sided weakness

Damage to the UMN results in:

contralateral weakness

bilateral UMN damage results in:

spa*tic dysarthria

unilateral UMN weakness can produce

dysarthria

UMN lesions produce

weakness and reduced skilled movement

true or false: UMN lesions are more severe than LMN lesions

false

reflexes usually start in the:

lower motor neurons

the extrapyramidal tract modifies cortically initiated (UMN) impulses to skeletal muscles (LMNs) by way of:

multiple synapses between the cortex and the LMNs

extrapyramidal tracts are distinct from the pyramidal tracts in that there function is largely:

unconscious and involuntary

the extrapyramidal tracts originate in ____ areas of CNS damage

diffuse

damage to the CNS affect

muscle tone (spasticity) and reflexes (hyperreflexia)

Dysarthria from indirect activation pathway usually intermixed with direct pathway involvement and is typically:

spastic or unilateral UMN dysarthria

upper motor neurons are

motor fibers within the CNS

damage to UMNs often result in

spasticity

lower motor neurons are

motor fibers in the cranial and spinal nerves

damage to LMNs result in

muscle paralysis or paresis

CNS is comprised of

the brain and spinal cord

the neuromuscular junction is the point where

axons of lower motor neurons make synaptic connections with muscle cells

the lower motor neurons function as

involuntary reflexes limited to specific muscles and body parts; activation of muscle fibers

bublar lesions occur

on the nuclei of cranial nerves, in the brain stem (also known as bublar palsy)

peripheral lesions damage the

axons of the cranial nerves after they have left the CNS

lower motor neurons receive input directly from

the CNS

lower motor neurons travels to

specific muscles then muscle fibers

lower motor neurons are

fast firing neurons

lower motor neurons are involved in

fine, discreet movements