EOC Review: Organelles, Transport, Energy

Nucleus

Contains DNA

Cytoplasm

fluid inside the cell

Cell Membrane

the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.

Cell Wall

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell, only found in plants + prokaryotes

Chloroplasts

organelle that does photosynthesis, found in plants

Smooth ER

Makes lipids and breaks down toxins

Rough ER

makes proteins and has ribosomes

Ribosome

makes proteins

Lysosome

breaks down waste in cell (trash can of the cell)

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Vacuole

stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Vesicle

transports/moves materials in the cell

Mitochondria

creates energy for the cell through cellular respiration

homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

binary fission

A type of asexual reproduction common among prokaryotes wherein a cell divides giving rise to two cells, each having the potential to grow to the size of the original cell.

mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

Outcomes of Mitosis

2 identical cells

Meiosis

cell division that makes reproductive cells

Outcomes of Meiosis

4 unique haploid cells

Haploid

An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.

Diploid

(genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number

Homologous Chromosomes

Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure (one from mom, one from dad)

Gamete

reproductive cell

Somatic Cell

body cell

Carbohydrate Monomer

monosaccharide

Carbohydrate function

short-term energy

Lipid Monomer

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Lipid Function

long term energy storage and makes up cell membrane

Protein Monomer

amino acids

Protein Function

Structure, enzymes, cell signaling

Nucleic Acid Monomer

nucleotide

Nucleic Acid Function

store and transmit genetic information

Enzymes

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

Passive Transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane from high-> low concentration without the use of energy by the cell

3 Types of Passive Transport

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

Active Transport

the movement of materials through a cell membrane from low to high concentration using energy

Osmosis

movement of water across a membrane

How does osmosis work?

water moves towards the higher concentration of solute (salt/sugar)

Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

Cellular Respiration

the process by which cells produce energy (ATP) from glucose

ATP

high energy molecule

ADP

low energy molecule

anaerobic respiration (fermentation)

cell respiration that does not require oxygen Ex. lactic acid and alcoholic

aerobic respiration

cell respiration that requires oxygen

Chlorophyll

A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis

3 Stages of Cellular Respiration

glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain (ETC)