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presence of factions
Democrats range from progressives (Bernie Sanders, AOC) to centrists (Hakeem Jeffries, Chuck Schumer).
Republicans are dominated by MAGA populism (Trump, JD Vance, Marjorie Taylor Greene) with a shrinking traditional-conservative minority (Collins, Murkowski).
UK Conservatives have centrist 'One Nation' members and hardline right factions (now under Kemi Badenoch's leadership since November 2024).
Labour has soft-left (Andy Burnham) and Starmerite centrist factions.
Comparative theory
cultural
Both parties contain named ideological factions that members rally around as collective identity groups
Pressure for unity on key votes
Both parties enforce unity on major votes. US leaders and whips secured party cohesion on the 2025 OBBBA reconciliation vote. UK parties maintain strong discipline, Labour's 2024 King's Speech programme has moved through Parliament with few rebellions.
comparative theory
rational
he same cost-benefit logic governs party discipline in both systems.
Rallying around leaders during national elections
Parties unify during elections. In the US, Democrats coalesced around Kamala Harris in summer 2024 after Biden's withdrawal on 21 July 2024.
UK Labour unified around Starmer for the 2024 campaign despite internal tensions over Gaza, delivering a 174-seat majority, though the party lost 5 seats to independents running on Gaza policy.