thermodynamics
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15 Terms
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed. ΔU = q + w.
q in thermodynamics
Heat transferred into or out of the system.
w in thermodynamics
Work done on or by the system.
Enthalpy (H)
Heat content at constant pressure: H = U + PV.
Entropy (S)
A measure of disorder or randomness.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
The total entropy of the universe always increases for a spontaneous process.
Gibbs Free Energy
G = H - TS, determines spontaneity.
ΔG < 0
The reaction is spontaneous.
ΔG = 0
The system is at equilibrium.
Heat transfer formula (no phase change)
q = mcΔT.
Hess’s Law
The total enthalpy change of a reaction is the sum of the changes for individual steps.
Sign of ΔH in an exothermic reaction
Negative.
Unit of entropy (S)
J/mol·K.
Positive ΔS
Increased disorder.
Phase change
Occurs when temperature remains constant while heat is added or removed.
