Anatomy- Chp 1

anatomy

the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts

important anatomists

• herophilus (335-255 BC)

• galen (129-216 AD)

• andreas vesalius (1500s)

infectious disease

bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites, prions

deficiency disease

scurvy, goiter

hereditary disease

cystic fibrosis, sickle cell, tay-sachs disease, von willebrand disease, hemophilia

physiological disease

diabetes, cancer, asthma

physiology

• study of how the body functions

• homeostatic mechanisms

homeostatic mechanisms

how body reacts to changes in conditions and tries to go back to some range of baseline values

anatomy

• study of internal/external structures

• naming parts/how they fit together

• dictates physiology

• specific anatomical structures have specific physiological functions

microscopic anatomy

cytology, histology

cytology

study of cells

histology

study of tissues

gross anatomy

surface anatomy, clinical anatomy, surgical anatomy

surface anatomy

superficial anatomical markings and relationship to deeper structures

clinical anatomy

changes during illnesses

surgical anatomy

landmarks for surgical procedures

common morphologies

dorsal nerve cord, notochord, muscular tail, cartilage surrounding brain, pharyngeal arches, ventral body cavity

body organization simple to complex

chemical/molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

molecular composition of the body

• 66% water

• 20% proteins

• 10% lipids

• 3% carbohydrates

• 1% other substances

elemental composition of the human body

• 62% hydrogen

• 26% oxygen

• 10% carbon

• 1.5% nitrogen

• others

primary

all organ systems have multiple homeostatic functions that can overlap, but each has unique _______ functions for homeostasis (except one)

integumentary system

1. protects against external environment

2. thermoregulation and sensory

includes:

• skin (cutaneous membrane)- epidermis, dermis

• hair follicles- hairs, sebaceous galnds

• sweat glands

• nails

• sensory receptors

• subcutaneous layer

the skeletal system

1. support and protection

2. immunity, storage of Ca2+, and feeding

includes:

• bones, cartilages, and joints- axial and appendicular skeletons

• ligaments

• bone marrow

the muscular system

1. locomotion

2. thermoregulation and storage of amino acids

includes:

• skeletal muscles- axial and appendicular muscles

• tendons and aponeuroses

the nervous system

1. relays and processes info for homeostasis and senses

2. hormones

includes:

• CNS- brain, spinal cord, special senses

• PNS

the endocrine system

1. chronic homeostasis

2. allows for reproduction

includes:

• pineal gland

• pituitary gland

• thyroid gland

• parathyroid gland

• thymus

• adrenal glands

• kidneys

• pancreas

• gonads- testes, ovaries

the cardiovascular system

1. transport of gasses and nutrients

2. thermoregulation, pH balance, immune function and endocrine function

includes:

• heart

• blood vessels- arteries, veins, capillaries

• blood

the lymphatic system

1. immune function and water balance

2. aids in absorption of nutrients

includes:

• lymphatic vessels

• lymph nodes

• spleen

• thymus

the respiratory system

1. gas exchange and pH balance

2. water balance

includes:

• nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses

• pharynx

• larynx

• trachea

• bronchi

• lungs- alveoli

the digestive system

1. digestion and absorption of nutrients; water absorption

2. removes waste from blood and immune function

includes:

• oral cavity

• salivary glands

• pharynx

• esophagus

• stomach

• small intestine

• liver

• gallbladder

• pancreas

• large intestine

the urinary system

1. filters blood of excess, waste, ions, and solutes; pH and water balance

2. endocrine function

includes:

• kidneys

• ureters

• urinary bladder

• urethra

reproductive system

2. secondary sex characteristics

female includes:

• ovaries

• uterine tubes

• uterus

• vagina

• external genitalia- clitoris, labia

• mammary glands

male includes:

• testes

• accessory organs- epididymis, ductus derferens, seminal gland, prostate, urethra

• external genitalia- penis, scrotum

anatomical position

• standing with feet flat on floor

• hands are at side

• palms facing forward (anterior)

• all discussion of anatomy is in reference to this

• L/R based on specimen

supine

laying face up

prone

laying face down

antebrachium

forearm

antecubitis

front of elbow

brachium

arm

axilla

armpit

mentis

chin

oris

mouth

cephalon

head

cranium

skull

facies

face

frons

forehead

nasus

nose

oculus

eye

auris

ear

bucca

cheek

cervicis

neck

thoracis

thorax

mamma

breast

abdomen

abdominal

umbilicus

navel

pelvis

pelvic

right hypochondriac region

1

right lumbar region

2

right inguinal region

3

epigastric region

4

umbilical region

5

hypogastric (pubic) region

6

left hypochondriac region

7

left lumbar region

8

left inguinal region

9

lateral

away from midline

medial

towards midline

proximal

towards an attached base

distal

away from an attached base

superifical

at, near, or close to body surface

deep

towards inside of body

cranial/cephalic

towards head

caudal

towards tail

posterior/dorsal

behind; the back

anterior/ventral

the front

frontal plane

divides body into front and back halves

saggital plane

divides body into left and right halves

transverse plane

divides body into top and bottom halves

left pleural cavity

1

mediastinum

2

pericardial cavity

3

right pleural cavity

4

diaphragm

5

abdominal cavity

6

pelvic cavity

7

serous membranes

provide lubrication to organs

tuberosity

projection: large rounded projection of bone; may be roughed

crest

projection: narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

trochanter

projection: very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (only example is on the femur)

line

projection: narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

tubercle

projection: small rounded process or projection

epicondyle

projection: raised area on or above a condyle

spine

projection: sharp, slender, often pointed projection

process

projection: any bony prominence

head

surface: bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

facet

surface: smooth, nearly flat articular surface

condyle

surface: rounded articular projection, often articulates with a corresponding fossa

foramen

depression/opening: round or oval opening through a bone

groove

depression/opening: a furrow

fissure

depression/opening: narrow slit-like opening

notch

depression/opening: indentation at the edge of a structure