Exam 2

Suan, a 10 year old asks his mother for $15 to buy a new toy car. He knows that his mother will refuse. When she does refuse, he happily convinces her to give him $3 to buy his favorite chocolate milkshake. In the context of the ____ technique in this scenerio.

door-in-the-face

HealthDrink Inc., a beverage company, plans to launch a new health drink for children and needs to design marketing techniques before the launch. The company's marketing team consider casting a film celebrity in the television commercials for the drink. In addition, the team decides to write an emotionally appealing slogan for the drink's print advertisements. In this scenario, which of the following persuasion techniques is HealthDrink's marketing team most likely using to persuade the company's target audience?

peripheral route processing

As a sales executive, Samuel usually tries to attract customers by convincing them to buy small electronic items, such as speakers or a DVD player. When he captures his customers’ attention, he persuades them to buy larger, more expensive items such as a television or a home theater system. In the context of the specific techniques that represent attempts to gain compliance, Samuel is most likely using the ____ in this scenerio.

foot-in-the-door

As a 7 year old, Maya loves working on art projects at school. Hoever, very few of her projects are appreciated by her teachers. Most of the time, her teachers advise her about how she can improve her artwork. Maya, on the other hand, feels that her teachers are criticizing her work and are trying to discourage her. According to Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, which of the following is most likely to happen to Maya?

Maya will develop feelings of failure and inadequacy

When Mathew was a child, he ate some red berries from his garden. He fell violently sick after eating them. Now, he refuses to eat any red-colored fruits. In the context of classical conditioning, the give scenario illustrates

stimulus generalization

The use of group membership to provide social respect produces an unfortunate outcome because we are likely to

start thinking that our own group is better thann groups to which we don’t belong

Discrimination refers to

behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group.

Edwin is 8 years old and able to understand that when someone rolls clay into a ball, they can reverse the actions and return it back to it’s log shape. According to Piaget’s theory, Edwin is in the ___ stage of cognitive development.

concrete operational

Karima is trying to remember the name of the author of a book she recently read. She says that she knows the name, but she is not able to recall it. This phenomenon, called the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, is mainly caused when

one is unable to retrieve information from one’s long-term memory

Ramona takes her 4 year old daughter to a park. While her daughter plays in the sand pit, Ramona sits and chats with her friends. When she hears two girls fighting, she does not worry as she recognizes that’s not her daughter’s voice. The given scenario illustrates

stimulus discrimination

Caroline is playing in the snow in her yard. Her Father calls her to come inside the house as it is getting late. Caroline does not want to go inside and ignores her father. After a while, she starts to feel cold and goes inside the house to keep warm. In the given scenario, the feeling of warmth is a

primary reinforcer

Akwasi’s dog jumps up and down by the door when he sees Akwasi go towards the door at a certain time of day because they go for a walk. Akawsi begins going to the door at the same time each night, but doesn’t take the dog outside for a walk. After doing this for a couple of weeks, the dog no longer jumps up and down by the door when Akwasi approaches it. The learned response have been

extinguished

Group think can be characterized by which of the following?

In groupthink, members lose the ability to critically evaluate alternative points of view

Jamie plays an adventure video game in which a magic sword appears sometimes to help him score more points. The appearance of the sword is not dependent on Jamie’s performance in the game. He does not know when the sword will appear, so he is always prepared to grab it. In the context of operant conditioning, the appearance of the magic sword illustrates a _____ of reinforcement

variable-interval schedule

Omar, a 6 year old, asks his mother for pasta in a small bowl as he is not hungry enough to finish a large bowl. He gets annoyed when his mother serves him a little pasta in a large bowl. Looking at the size of the bowl, he thinks that he will not be able to finish the pasta. In the context of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, which of the following assumptions can be made about Omar?

He lacks understanding of the concept of conservation

Filip loves to shop online. When browsing through retail websites, he usually buys products with deals that guarantee a reduction in the original prices of the products. However, what he does not realize is that the retailers increase the prices of products and then display reduced prices on their websites to gain compliance, such retail websites are most likely using the ____ in this scenerio.

that’s-not’all technique

Every time 5-year-old Peter picked up his toys, his mother gave him a penny. After some time, she stopped giving him pennies to pick up his toys. Over the next few weeks, Peter gradually stopped asking for pennies. Three months later, when Peter picked up his toys, he asked his mother for a penny. In the given scenario, Peter asking for a penny after a period of 3 months exemplifies

spontaneous recovery

Rehearsal refers to the

repetition of information that has entered short-term memory.

As a child, Tim loved salami sandwiches but was not particularly fond of dill pickles. However, his mother would always serve the pickles with salami sandwiches. Now, the sight of even an empty dill pickle jar makes his mouth water. In the context of classical conditioning, the pickle jar is a(n) _____ and salami is a(n) ______

conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

Sharon is selected as the captain of her school’s softball team because of her excellent playing skills. However, she had not displayed good team management skills and has not been very cooperative with her teammates. These facts are ignored while making her the captain. Which of the following biases is illustrated in this instance?

the halo effect

As a child, Lucas was slapped by a monkey that was trying to snatch his food. Ever since this episode, Lucas has been frightened of monkeys. However, he plans to visit a famous zoological park. Which of the following is most likely to happen if Lucas comes across a monkey in the park?

The amygdala will be reactivated and the initial unpleasant memory will be brought back.

Although it has been 5 years since he last played basketball, Robert can still shoot consecutive hoops with ease. Robert’s memory is an example of

nondeclarative memory

_____ are evaluations of people, objects, ideas, and behavior

Attitudes

We look up a number in the phone book, push the book away, and then begin to dial the number. Why do we discourage an interruption during this process?

Information lasts only 15-25 seconds in short-term memory

Who among the following is using his or her working memory?

Juanita, who recalls the steps of her mother’s recipe, while cooking her favorite dish

Alan remembers that he was writing an important report for his manager when he heard about the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center. The fact that Alan remembers when he learned about the 9/11 attacks is an example of _____ memory

flashbulb

Noah’s mother gives him a dollar every Friday evening if he finishes his chores for the week without being reminded. He diligently finishes his chores every week and he uses the money to buy candies over the weekend. In the given scenario, the weekly allowance acts as a(n)

secondary reinforcer

Fiona receives an email from her manager, Robert, asking her to meet and discuss a past project. Unfortunately, Fiona is struggling to complete a project that is due that afternoon and replies stating that she is too busy to meet that day, Robert is not pleased with Fiona’s refusal to meet him and tells another coworker that he thinks Fiona is very arrogant. Robert is making a(n) _______ attribution of Fiona

dispositional

An advising agency creates two television commercials for a line of kitchen and laundry appliances. Commercial A emphasizes the sleep styling of the appliances, whereas Commercial B focuses on the reliability and every efficiency of the appliances. Will the effectiveness of the two commercial vary as a function of the viewers’ need for cognition"?