Study Guide: assessment on Science/enlightenment/FR & Napoleon: SIMPLE FLASHCARDS

Scientific Revolution Achievements

Heliocentric model, the scientific method, laws of motion and gravity, use of mathematics to explain nature

Tennis Court Oath

Promise to create a constitution

Descartes

Used reason and logic ("I think, therefore I am") → rationalism

Newton

Laws of motion & gravity (explained how the universe works)

Old Regime / 3 Estates

Social system (clergy, nobles, commoners)

Louis XVI

King of France who failed to solve financial problems and lost control during the Revolution

Marie Antoinette

Queen known for luxury and being out of touch with the poor

Copernicus

Sun is the center (heliocentric theory)

Galileo

Supported heliocentrism with a telescope; challenged the Church

Voltaire

Freedom of speech & religion

Montesquieu

Separation of powers (3 branches of government)

Adam Smith

Free market economy, capitalism ("invisible hand")

Diderot

Created the Encyclopedia (spread knowledge)

Wollstonecraft

Women should have equal education/rights

Rousseau

Social contract; government should follow the will of the people

Rationalism

Belief that reason and logic are the best ways to understand the world

Enlightenment Influence

Ideas like democracy, individual rights, equality under the law, separation of powers in government

National Assembly

New government by the 3rd Estate

Bastille

Prison stormed → symbol of revolution

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Basic rights (freedom, equality)

Civil Constitution of Clergy

Government controls Church

Legislative Assembly

Law-making body after constitution

Sans-culottes

Poor working-class radicals

Guillotine

Execution machine

Jacobins & Girondins

Political groups (Jacobins more radical)

De-Christianization

Removing religion from society

National Convention

Abolished monarchy

Committee of Public Safety

Controlled government during crisis

Reign of Terror

Mass executions

Directory

Weak government after Terror

Consulate

Government led by Napoleon

Napoleonic Code

Set of laws (equality, but less rights for women)

Continental System

Block trade with Britain

Scorched Earth

Destroy land/resources to stop enemy

Hundred Days

Napoleon's return from exile

Waterloo

Final defeat of Napoleon

Maximilien Robespierre

Radical Jacobin leader who led the Reign of Terror

Jean-Paul Marat

Radical journalist who encouraged violence against enemies of the Revolution

Georges Danton

Early leader who helped overthrow the monarchy but later opposed the Terror

Napoleon Bonaparte

General who took power and became emperor, bringing stability and spreading revolutionary ideas

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