AP European History Final Exam Review

A set of 60 vocabulary flashcards covering European history from the Age of Discovery through the 20th century based on lecture sources.

Arguim

A Portuguese-leased island off the west coast of Africa in $1454$ where Christians traded grain and cloth for gold dust and slaves from the land of the Blacks.

Caravels

Portuguese sailing vessels that traveled year-long to the island of Arguim to protect and facilitate trade for the King of Portugal.

Alvise de Ca'da Mosto

A Venetian merchant who, in $1454$, described the Portuguese trade operations, factories, and castle at Arguim.

John Calvin

A Protestant leader whose works, along with those of Theodore Beza, were smuggled secretly into Spain by heretics in $1566$.

Spanish Inquisition

A religious institution that employed agents to infiltrate Protestant groups in France to identify individuals shipping heretical books like those of Calvin to Spain.

King Philip II

The Spanish monarch who received reports from Inquisition agents regarding the secret transport of Protestant books into Barcelona in $1566$.

Voltaire

Enlightenment author of "A Treatise on Toleration" ($1763$) and "History of the Russian Empire Under Peter the Great" ($1759$) who championed reason and science.

A Treatise on Toleration

A $1763$ work by Voltaire criticizing the Catholic clergy for using force to enforce religious commands and mocking the exclusivity of religious sects.

Gravitation

A natural effect described by Voltaire and understood by Peter the Great as a law directing the motions of heavenly bodies and tides.

Consistory

The church council or governing body in Calvinist Geneva to which individuals were remanded for offenses like drunkenness or immoral songs.

$$3\,\text{sous}$$

The penalty fee in Calvinist Geneva paid by tavern-keepers for staying open during a sermon or by individuals found intoxicated for the first time.

Roiaumes

Popular festivals banned in Calvinist Geneva under the penalty of a $10\,\text{sous}$ fine.

Virollet

A specific dance banned in Calvinist Geneva; participants faced three days in prison and a referral to the consistory.

Usury (Geneva)

The practice of taking interest or profit of more than $5\%$ upon penalty of confiscation of the principal and restitution.

Frederick William

The Great Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia who, in $1667$, advised his son to promote trade and maintain a strong position through internal strength.

Brandenburg-Prussia

The territories ruled by Great Elector Frederick William, who emphasized the importance of alliances and the confidence of the people.

Holy Roman Empire

The political entity where the Great Elector sought to maintain friendly relations and avoid the jealousy of other princes and nobility.

Peter the Great

The Russian Tsar who conducted the Grand Embassy to western Europe to engage foreign engineers and mathematicians to modernize his empire.

Grand Embassy

The late $17\text{th}$-century journey of Tsar Peter I to western Europe to study technology and hire experts like Ferguson, the Scotchman.

Ferguson

A Scotchman and geometrician who introduced arithmetic into the Russian exchequer, replacing the Tartarian method of reckoning.

Tartarian method

A traditional Russian system of reckoning using balls strung upon a wire ($an\,abacus$) that was used before Peter the Great introduced arithmetic.

Marine Academy

A Russian institution established by Peter the Great beginning with students from a mathematical school.

Decree of August $23$, $1793$

A French republican order for total mobilization of the population, putting all citizens in permanent requisition for the army.

Permanent requisition

The status of all French citizens under the $1793$ decree, requiring them to serve the military in various roles such as fighting, forging arms, or nursing.

Jeremy Bentham

Author of "Defence of Usury" ($1787$) who argued that individuals of sound mind should be free to make their own terms for money lending.

Defence of Usury

A $1787$ text arguing that laws restraining the liberty of man to make contracts in money lending are unjustified.

Ernst Cassirer

A German historian who wrote "The Philosophy of the Enlightenment" ($1932$), focusing on the rise of analytical thinking in the $18\text{th}$ century.

Methodological pattern of Newton

The tool of mathematical and physical analysis that $18\text{th}$-century thinkers generalized as the instrument of all general thinking.

Book of Common Prayer

The Anglican liturgy book described by English Puritans in $1572$ as an "unperfect book" culled from the "popish dunghill" of the Mass book.

Puritan Petition ($1572$)

A document sent to Parliament critiquing the Anglican ministry as an office of "reading" rather than the scriptural office of "preaching."

Popish dunghill

A derogatory term used by English Puritans to describe the Mass book and its influence on the Anglican Book of Common Prayer.

Empty feeders

A term used by English Puritans to describe Anglican clergymen who were mere readers of the service and unable to truly preach the Gospel.

Jan de Vries

A historian who wrote "The Industrious Revolution" ($2008$), arguing that substantial economic growth occurred before the Industrial Revolution.

The Industrious Revolution

A concept proposed by Jan de Vries that challenges growthless traditional economy models and highlights development in pre-industrial Britain.

$$1760-1830$$

The era of the classical Industrial Revolution, which recent data suggest had slower macroeconomic growth than previously estimated.

New Monarchies

The strong centralized authorities that emerged in the late $15\text{th}$ century, such as the house of Aviz in Portugal, to drive overseas expansion.

House of Aviz

The dynamic Portuguese ruling dynasty from $1385$ to $1580$ that consolidated the kingdom and initiated the age of discovery.

Nationalistic Expansion

The theory by Richard B. Reed that European overseas expansion was a product of emerging nation-states and internal political stability.

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

A $1572$ episode of government-sanctioned mob violence against Protestants in France depicted in a painting by Vasari.

Vasari

The artist whose painting depicts the government-sanctioned mob violence against French Protestants in $1572$.

Diocese of Cuenca

A Spanish region where male literacy among Inquisition defendants rose from $35\%$ between $1540-1600$ to $52\%$ between $1601-1661$.

Archdiocese of Toledo

A Spanish region where urban male literacy among Inquisition defendants was consistently recorded at $70\%$ across the $16\text{th}$ and $17\text{th}$ centuries.

$1492$ Landing

The arrival of Christopher Columbus in the West Indies, popularized in an engraving by Theodore de Bry published in $1602$.

Theodore de Bry

An engraver whose work "The History of America" ($1602$) included depictions of early European explorers landing in the Americas.

Unskilled Laborer Wage

An economic measure expressed in kilograms of wheat used to track development in cities like London, Antwerp, and Paris.

$10.1\,\text{kg}$ of wheat

The estimated average daily wage for an unskilled laborer in Southern England between $1500-1549$.

$3.4\,\text{kg}$ of wheat

The average daily wage for an unskilled laborer in Florence and Milan between $1550-1599$, representing a decrease from earlier decades.

Hérault

A department in southern France where public schools increased from $472$ in $1877$ to $659$ in $1890$, while religious schools decreased.

French Ministry of Education ($1883$)

The body that approved a civics course lecture teaching boys their duty to serve in the military and defend the French nation.

Patrimony

The inheritance of work and glory that French students were taught to defend as part of their nationalistic education in $1883$.

Adolf Hitler (Propaganda)

The political figure featured in a Nazi poster calling for women to save the German family during a time of mass unemployment.

German Family (Propaganda)

The social unit that Nazi propaganda of the early $1930\text{s}$ promised to protect from poverty and worklessness through a vote for Hitler.

Refraction

Along with reflection, a scientific principle mentioned by Voltaire to explain the formation of rainbows against theological misunderstanding.

Ant-hill

A metaphor used by Voltaire in "A Treatise on Toleration" to describe a single religious sect that believes it is exclusively favored by God.

$900$ millions

The estimate of the total human population on Earth used by Voltaire to illustrate the insignificance of individual religious sects.

$5$ feet high

The height Voltaire uses to describe man as a "very inconsiderable part of the creation" within the immensity of space.

Public vs Religious Schools

In Hérault, religious schools for girls dropped from $79$ to $27$ between $1877$ and $1890$, as public institutions expanded.

Consolidation (Portugal)

The process by which Portugal became a unified kingdom free from feudal divisions, giving it an advantage in early overseas discovery.

$$10\,\text{sous}$$

The fine imposed on individuals who organized or participated in prohibited popular festivals ($roiaumes$) in Calvinist Geneva.

Levée en masse

The policy of total war mobilization implemented by the French revolutionary government on August $23$, $1793$.

Arguim

A strategic trading center leased by the King of Portugal for trading with Arabs.

Spanish Inquisition

A body seeking to identify and punish heresy in Spain, utilizing spies and deception.

Voltaire

An Enlightenment thinker known for critiquing religious intolerance and advocating for freedom of thought.

Calvinist Geneva

Society with strict regulations on public worship, morality, and cultural practices.

Usury regulations

Laws limiting the maximum interest rate on loans to 5% in Geneva, with severe penalties for violations.