Characteristics of the Tsarist State and the Russian Revolution

This set of flashcards covers key concepts from the notes on the Tsarist state, the Russian Revolution, and Stalin's regime, helping students review important events and policies.

What was the social structure of Tsarist Russia?

It was dominated by a tiny elite over a majority peasant population, with over 80% being peasants.

What characterizes the economy of Tsarist Russia?

The economy was marked by undeveloped industry, backwards agricultural methods, and a lack of consumer demand.

What type of government was in place in Tsarist Russia?

Autocratic government with no opposition or political parties.

What year was the Emancipation of the Serfs?

1861.

What major event occurred in 1881 in Tsarist Russia?

The assassination of Alexander II.

What was a primary factor that contributed to Russia's backwardness politically?

Autocracy with no opposition and control by nobles.

What did Witte’s economic reforms aim to do?

Modernize Russia’s economy through state capitalism, including negotiating foreign loans and implementing protective tariffs.

What was Russification under Nicholas II?

A policy aimed at emphasizing Russian culture and language, restricting non-Russian nationalities' rights.

What was the significance of the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)?

Russia's defeat highlighted governmental incompetence and contributed to rising unrest.

What was the outcome of Bloody Sunday in January 1905?

A massacre that led to widespread disorder and unrest, influencing the revolutionary movement.

What reform was introduced by Stolypin between 1906-1911?

Land reforms to create a layer of prosperous peasants in response to social unrest.

What was the main issue faced by the Provisional Government after the February Revolution in 1917?

The inability to effectively end Russia's involvement in World War I.

What was the October Revolution?

A Bolshevik-led coup that overthrew the Provisional Government and led to Bolshevik control.

What were the key features of the New Economic Policy (NEP)?

Relaxation of central economic control, introduced grain requisitioning tax, and allowed peasants to keep and sell surplus.

What did the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk entail?

Russia lost significant territory and had to pay reparations, but it allowed Lenin to focus on consolidating power.

What marked the beginning of the Great Purge in the Soviet Union?

The assassination of Sergei Kirov in December 1934, which led to widespread repression.

What was one effect of Stalin's policies during the Great Purge?

An estimated 29 million people were arrested, and millions were executed or sentenced to labor camps.