319 Exam 8 - Endocrine Disorders:

true or false: hormones are messengers in the body that help maintain homeostasis by turning functions on and off

true

which of the following is not one of the mechanisms of hormone degradation used to prevent hyperfunction?

a. enzymes destroy at receptor site

b. destroyed and excreted in urine

c. taken up by cells and destroyed

d. destroyed by liver and excreted in bile

b. destroyed and excreted in urine

(up/down) regulation is the production of more receptors on a cell in response to higher hormone levels

up

(up/down) regulation is the destruction of receptors on cells in response to lower hormone levels

down

(anterior/posterior) pituitary releases only ADH and oxytocin while the other portion is responsible for releasing most other hormones

posterior

almost every hormone comes out of the (anterior/posterior) pituitary gland

anterior

true or false: neurohormones released by the hypothalamus do not enter systemic circulation

true - they only reach the anterior pituitary to trigger further release

stimulation tests are administered to diagnose (hyperfunction/hypofunction)

hypofunction

suppression tests are administered to diagnose (hyperfunction/hypofunction)

hyperfunction

true or false: imaging studies are important in cases of endocrine dysfunction because they are often related to a neoplasm or undergrowth

true

a _____________ disorder is an abnormality in the hypothalamus in which information is no processed properly to trigger a corrective action

a. primary

b. secondary

c. tertiary

d. quaternary

c. tertiary

a _____________ disorder is an abnormality in the anterior pituitary gland in which the hypothalamus processes information but the anterior pituitary fails to respond

a. primary

b. secondary

c. tertiary

d. quaternary

b. secondary

a ____________ disorder is an abnormality in the peripheral glands in which the response pathway triggered by the anterior pituitary is blocked

a. primary

b. secondary

c. tertiary

d. quaternary

c. tertiary

(gigantism/acromegaly) is excessive growth hormone secretion before the onset of puberty

gigantism

(gigantism/acromegaly) is excessive growth hormone secretion after the onset of puberty when growth plates have closed causing bone to grow outward

acromegaly

true or false: growth hormone secretion is stimulated by periods of hypoglycemia, fasting, and stress

true

(T3/T4) stimulates metabolism

T3

(T3/T4) is the inactive form of thyroid hormone until being converted in the tissues

T4

T3 and T4 production relies on the presence of __________ to maintain the negative feedback loop

iodine

(hypo/hyper) thyroidism is characterized by high TSH, low T3/T4, decreased appetitie, and myxedema

hypo

which autoimmune disease is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?

a. addisons

b. cushings

c. graves

d. hashimoto

d. hashimoto

(hypo/hyper) thyroidism is characterized by low TSH, high T3/T4, and goiters due to gland enlargement

hyper

which autoimmune disease is associated with hyperthyroidism?

a. addisons

b. cushings

c. graves

d. hashimoto

c. graves

the adrenal cortex allows the body to manage stress for short periods of time through the release of the hormone ____________

cortisol

adrenal cortical insufficiency, also known as (addisons/cushing) disease, involves decreased secretion of cortisol resulting in tall/thin individuals with bronzed skin

addisons

glucocorticoid hormone excess, also known as (addisons/cushing) disease, involves increase in cortisol release that can be pituitary, adrenal, or iatrogenic in nature

cushing

iatrogenic (doctor caused) cushing's disease results from:

a. short and strong doses of NSAID therapy

b. prolonged use of steroids to address other health conditions

c. dependency on steroids following injury

d. all of the above

b. prolonged use of steroids to address other health concerns

what two hormones does the pituitary gland release?

1. antidiuretic hormone

2. oxytocin

diabetes insipidus is an abnormal secretion of ADH resulting in extreme water (retention/excretion)

excretion

which drug is used to counteract effects of diabetes insipidus by encouraging water retention?

vasopressin

calcitonin is the off switch for ____________, aiding in calcium absorption

a. TSH

b. parathyroid

c. ADH

d. T3/T4

parathyroid

primary hypothyroidism is a decrease in metabolism regulation related to:

a. decreased T4 and elevated TSH

b. lack of TSH

c. lack of TRH

d. all of the above

a. decreased T4 and elevated TSH

secondary hypothyroidism is a decrease in metabolism regulation related to:

a. decreased T4 and elevated TSH

b. lack of TSH

c. lack of TRH

d. all of the above

b. lack of TSH

tertiary hypothyroidism is a decrease in metabolism regulation related to:

a. decreased T4 and elevated TSH

b. lack of TSH

c. lack of TRH

d. all of the above

lack of TRH

what is the drug of choice for thyroid hormone replacement in patients with hypothyroidism?

levothyroxine

true or false: side effects of levothyroxine are primarily seen with high dosing and essentially causes hyperthyroidism

true

what is the go-to treatment for hyperthyroidism?

a. thyroidectomy followed by replacement therapy

b. radioactive iodine

c. propylthiouracil

d. methimazole

a. thyroidectomy followed by replacement therapy

which drug(s) increase T3 levels?

a. digoxin and lithium

b. phenytoin

c. anticoagulants

d. antidiabetic agents

b. phenytoin

which drug(s) increase action of thyroid drugs?

a. digoxin and lithium

b. phenytoin

c. anticoagulants

d. antidiabetic agents

a. digoxin and lithium

the adrenal (medulla/cortex) produces norepinephrine and epinephrine

medulla

the adrenal (medulla/cortex) produces glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

cortex

what is an important teaching point for patients taking prednisone?

a. take with food and 8 oz of water

b. watch for severe headache or migraines

c. it will turn secretions orange

d. follow dosing adequately to ensure tapering upon discontinuation

d. follow dosing adequately to ensure tapering upon discontinuation

true or false: glucocorticoids and corticosteroids increase the inflammatory response to aid in the healing process

false - they suppress the inflammatory and immune response to allow the body to undergo periods of stress

(glucocorticoids/mineralocorticoids) are used in treatment of adrenal cortical insufficiency

mineralocorticoids