instrumental conditioning

Escape

\________ training- removal of a negative reinforcer, which inc the freq of the behaviour.

Punishment

\________ training- presentation of a negative reinforcer, which dec the freq of the behaviour.

Reward

\________ training- presentation of positive reinforcer, which inc the freq of the behaviour.

Instrumental conditioning

\________ is leaning of a contingency between a behaviour and a consequence.

Ratio strain

\________- if the reward is too stingy, the subject is no longer going to respond.

Omission

\________ training- removal of a positive reinforcer, which dec the freq of the behaviour.

SD

\________ /S+- signals when a contingency b /w a particular behaviour and reinforcement is "on; "sets the occasion for a voluntary response.

Law of effect

\________- Behaviours w positive consequences are stamped in; those with neg consequences are stamped out.

Graph

\________ has cumulative number of responses on y axis, time on the x- axis.

Variable schedule

\________- based on the average across trials.

Reinforcer

\________- any stimulus that is presented after a response that impact the frequency that the response is performed.

basis of improvement

A behaviour is reinforced only if it is a closer approximation of the desired behaviour last reinforced; reinforcing on the ________.

Negative contrast

\________:: lowering of reward value, dec response rate.

instrumental conditioning

In ________ we are considering overt behaviours that are operated by an actor, leading to a reinforcer.

Stamping in and stamping out

behaviours that were followed by the favourable consequence are stamped in

Law of effect

Behaviours w positive consequences are stamped in; those with neg consequences are stamped out

Reinforcer

any stimulus that is presented after a response that impact the frequency that the response is performed

Reward training

presentation of positive reinforcer, which inc the freq of the behaviour

punishment training

presentation of a negative reinforcer, which dec the freq of the behaviour

omission training

removal of a positive reinforcer, which dec the freq of the behaviour

escape training

removal of a negative reinforcer, which inc the freq of the behaviour

response rate of behaviour

visualized by psychologists using graphs (think that moving paper and a pencil)

chaining

a technique used to develop a sequence of behaviours

SD / S+

signals when a contingency b/w a particular behaviour and reinforcement is "on"; sets the occasion for a voluntary response

S𝛿 / S-

signals when the contingency relationship is not valid

fixed schedule

the conditions were held constant across trials

variable schedule

based on the average across trials

ratio strain

if the reward is too stingy, the subject is no longer going to respond

VI

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law of effect

a response followed by a satisfying effect is strengthened and likely to occur again in that situation, while a response followed by an unsatisfying effect is weakened and less likely to occur again in that situation

overjustification effect

when indic are rewarded for a behaviour that previously has intrinsic value, and now only has extrinsic value once has been reinforced

negative contrast

lowering of reward value, dec response rate

positive contrast

increasing reward value, inc response rate

mirror neuron

a cell that responsds in the same way when preforming an action as it does when the organism pocessing that cell observes someone else perform the action or even imagines perfoming the action

primary reinforcer

a reinforver with intrinsic value such as food, water or a mate

secondary reinforcer

a reinforver that can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer