Comprehensive Philippine History Reviewer: American Colonial Period to Postwar Era

This vocabulary deck covers key terms, laws, personalities, and movements in Philippine history across the American Colonial Period, Commonwealth Government, Japanese Occupation, and the Postwar era.

Treaty of Paris

The 1898 agreement where Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States after the Spanish-American War.

White Man’s Burden

Based on a 1899 poem by Rudyard Kipling, it promoted the belief that white nations had the duty to "civilize" supposedly uncivilized peoples.

Manifest Destiny

A 19th-century American belief that the United States was destined to expand and spread democracy and civilization beyond North America.

Timber

One of the most important natural resource exports or logs from Philippine forests during the American period.

Political tutelage

The American policy of "training" Filipinos for self-government before independence could be granted.

Partido Nacionalista

The political party founded in 1907 led by Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña that advocated for "Immediate and absolute independence."

Cacique Democracy

A political system where democratic institutions are introduced but political power remains concentrated among wealthy landowners and elite families.

Pedro Paterno

The negotiator of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and President of the Malolos Congress who served under Spanish, Malolos Republic, and American regimes.

Apolinario Mabini

A revolutionary leader from a poor background who represented intellectual leadership outside of the elite circles.

Francis Burton Harrison

The American Governor-General associated with "Filipinization" and increased Filipino participation in government.

Philippine Assembly (1907)

The first elected legislative body established under American rule.

Gabaldon Act (1907)

A law that provided funding for the construction of schools.

Payne-Aldrich Act (1909)

An economic policy that allowed for the free entry of many American products into the Philippines.

Underwood-Simmons Act (1913)

A law that expanded free trade between the United States and the Philippines.

Union Obrera Democratica Filipina

The labor organization founded in 1902 by Isabelo de los Reyes.

Commonwealth Government

A transitional government established on November 15, 1935, to prepare the Philippines for full independence.

OsRox Mission

An independence mission led by Sergio Osmeña and Manuel Roxas which resulted in the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act (1932).

QuAquAl Mission

An independence mission led by Manuel Quezon, Benigno Aquino Sr., and Rafael Alunan which resulted in the Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934).

Sakdal Uprising (1935)

A resistance movement caused by peasant dissatisfaction, high taxation, and land problems.

Commonwealth Act No. 1

Known as the National Defense Act, it was designed to prepare the country militarily.

Commonwealth Act No. 570

A law that established Tagalog as the National Language of the Philippines.

Commonwealth Act No. 34

A law that granted women's suffrage in the Philippines.

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

A Japanese ideology promoting "Asia for Asians," claiming Asian nations should unite under Japanese leadership.

KALIBAPI

The only political organization allowed during the Japanese Occupation.

Second Republic (1943)

The Japanese-sponsored government established during the occupation, with Jose P. Laurel as President.

Kempeitai

The military police of Imperial Japan known for their harsh discipline, torture, and fear tactics.

Mickey Mouse Money

Japanese-issued currency during the occupation that quickly lost its value.

Comfort Women

Women forced into military camps and sexually abused by Japanese soldiers, such as Maria Rosa Henson.

Hukbalahap

The Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon, a peasant-led anti-Japanese resistance movement.

Makapili

Filipino collaborators who identified guerrilla supporters to the Japanese authorities.

July 4, 1946

The date when the Philippines gained independence from the United States and the Third Republic was established.

Manuel Roxas

The first president of the Third Republic of the Philippines.

Parity Rights

Provisions that granted Americans equal access to Philippine natural resources.

JUSMAG

The organization that assisted in the modernization of the Philippine military during the postwar period.

Rice Tenancy Law

A law featuring a $\frac{50}{50}$ sharing system that farmers opposed, contributing to the Huk Rebellion.

Ramon Magsaysay

Known as "The Guy," he was recognized for his close relationship with ordinary Filipinos and for encouraging Huk surrender.

Filipino First Policy

An economic nationalism policy promoted by President Carlos P. Garcia to prioritize Filipinos in business opportunities.