medicine individuals through time

hippocrates

ancient greek

four humors

hippocratic oath

clinical observation

natural causes

galen (129 - 216)

ancient roman

theory of opposites

treatments for four humors - blood letting, purging, spicy food

brain controls the body

dissected animals

medieval (1000 - 1400)

(hippocrates and galen)

hugh of lucca

rhazes

john of ardene

rhazes (865 - 925)

distinguished measles from smallpox

wrote over 150 books

followed but criticised galen

doubts about galen

clinical observation

john of ardene 

guild of surgeons in london 1368

surgical manual practica 1376 based on greek and arab knowledge

experienced 100 year war

hugh of lucca

wrote a book in 1267 that criticised the need for pus to heal a wound

used wine on wounds to treat infections

their ideas clashed with popular beliefs so never took off

renaissance (1400 - 1800)

vesalius

harvey

pare

hunter

jenner

andreas vesalius (1514 - 1564)

detailed structure of the human body

first to disprove galen’s theories

dissected human bodies

the fabric of the human body 1543

helpful information but didn’t aid treatments

william harvey (1578 - 1657)

blood pumped by the heart

blood circulated around the body

disproved galen 

de motu cordis 1628

improved knowledge but not treatment at the time

ambroise pare (1510 - 1590)

collected works of pare 1575

ligatures instead of cauterisation

(ineffective as no knowledge of germs so ligatures got infected)

ointment of egg rose oil and turpentine

designed artificial limbs

printing press helped spread his work

john hunter (1728 - 1793)

trained edward jenner

early promoter of careful observation

experimented on himself

collection of over 3000 stuffed or dried anatomical specimens

treated aneurysms

1771 - natural history of teeth 

1786 - venereal disease

edward jenner (1749 - 1823)

milkmaids caught cowpox didn’t get smallpox

smallpox killed 30% of those infected

came up with the first vaccination

tested it 16 times

1798 - an enquiry into the causes and effects of the varioae vaccine

1853 - cowpox vaccination was compulsory

industrial enlightenment (1800 - 1900)

louis pasteur

robert koch

joseph lister

james simpson

john snow

edwin chadwick

florence nightingale

elizabeth garrett anderson

joseph bazalgette

james simpson (1811 - 1870)

deveoped chloroform in 1847

discovered accidentally at a dinner party in 1847

first safe anaesthetic

unknown dosage initially

used by queen victoria for birth of eighth child

book on chloroform in 1858 by dr john snow

joseph lister 
(1827 - 1912)

carbolic acid as an antiseptic

(dried skin, irritated lungs, took ages to prepare)

first used in 1865 - stopped young boy getting an amputation

reduced mortality rate from 45% to 15%

promoted germ theory

argues against spontaneous generation

louis pasteur (1822-1895)

1861 - published germ theory

originally related to microbes spoiling food not illness

germs caused disease

disproved miasma and spontaneous generation

accidentally injected chickens with weak cholera germs proved immunity when injected with stronger ones

developed vaccines for chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies

funded by french gov because of franco-prussian war (1870 - 1871)

robert koch (1843 - 1910)

identified bacteria by staining them and using a microscope

perfected a lens used to photograph microbes

proved different germs caused different diseases

identified microbe causing anthrax in 1876

identified tb causing microbe in 1882

identified cholera causing microbe in 1883

florence nightingale (1820 - 1910)

nurse in the crimean war (53 - 56)

believed in miasma so made hospitals clean and improved hygiene

death rates fell from 40 to 2 percent

1863 - notes on hospitals

elizabeth garrett anderson (1836 - 1917)

first british female physician and surgeon (qualified 1865)

co-founder of first women only hospital

first female dean of british medical school

first female mayor and magistrate

women allowed in medicine from 1876

edwin chadwick (1800 - 1890)

1842 report linking poverty and disease

healthier workforce works harder

led to public health reform (1847) and public health act (1848)

john snow (1813 - 1858)

1848 cholera killed almost 60 thousand

1854 20 thousand more died

mapped the location of deaths

removed the broad street pump

concluded cholera was spread by water not miasma

figured out the safe dosage of chloroform in 1858

joseph bazalgette (1819 - 1891)

great stink 1858

done after a parliament meeting could not continue

post 1854 cholera outbreak

he engineered over 1000 miles of underground sewage

still in use today

modern (1900 - now)

paul ehrlich

karl landsteiner

marie sklodowska curie

alexander fleming

florey and chain

william beveridge

aneurin bevan

harold gillies

charles booth

seebohm rowntree

paul ehrlich (1854 - 1915)

robert kochs assistant

developed the magic bullet

discovered a cure for syphillis in 1909

karl landsteiner (1868 - 1943) + albert hustin (1882 - 1967)

discovered blood groups in 1901

hustin developed anti coagulants in 1914 (sodium citrate to stop blood from clotting)

british national transfusion service opened in 1938

marie sklodowska curie (1867 - 1934)

x-rays were discovered in 1895

developed mobile x-ray machines known as little curies

let doctors see broken bones, bullets, and shrapnel before operating

alexander fleming (1881 - 1955)

discovered penicillin in 1928 after accidentally contaminating a petri dish with a form of mould known as staphylococcus aureus bacteria

he believed it to be a natural antiseptic but later discovered it was antibiotic

howard florey and ernst chain

successfully tested penicillin on 8 mice

june 1941 florey met with gov who agreed to pay millions for mass production of penicillin to get ahead in the war

250,000 soldiers were treated with it by 1945

then let out for public use by pharmaceutical companies

15% of wounded soldiers would have died without it

started the development of various other antibiotics

william beveridge (1879 - 1963)

produced a report about the 5 giant evils in 1942

want disease ignorance squalor and idleness

led to development of nhs and welfare state in 1948

sold 100,000 copies in first month of publication

aneurin bevan (1897 - 1960)

labour minister for health

introduced nhs in 1948

promised doctors a salary and permitted private patients

harold gillies (1882 - 1960)

during ww1 he set up a special unit for skin grafts and facial wounds

queen’s hospital opened in kent in 1917, by 1921 they had over 1000 beds for facial wounds

farther of modern plastic surgery

guinea pig club

pioneered facial reconstruction

charles booth (1840 - 1916)

30% of londoners couldn’t afford to eat despite having fulltime jobs

link between poverty and high death rate

study conducted between 1886 and 1903

poor were not at fault for their conditions

seebohm rowntree (1871 - 1954)

28% of people in york didn’t have enough money to live at some point in their lives

1899 - 1901

conducted 3 seperate studies of york 1899 1935 1951

young and old were most at risk of poverty

main causes of poverty were illness and unemployment

30% of the pop of cities lived below the poverty line