6A

What is a hydrocarbon?

An organic compound made up only of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

What are the four types of hydrocarbons?

Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Arenes.

What does a molecular formula show?

The actual number of atoms in a molecule.

What is the empirical formula of hexane (C6H14)?

C3H7, which shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms.

What general formula represents alkanes?

C_nH_(2n+2), where n is the number of carbon atoms.

What is a structural formula?

A representation that shows how atoms are arranged in a molecule without drawing bonds.

What does a displayed formula illustrate?

Shows all bonds and atoms within a molecule.

What is a skeletal formula?

A simplified representation where carbon atoms are at the ends and bends of lines, and hydrogens bonded to carbon are not shown.

What is a homologous series?

A family of organic compounds with the same general formula and functional group, showing similar chemical properties.

What are the steps for naming organic compounds using IUPAC rules?

1. Identify the longest carbon chain. 2. Determine the main functional group. 3. Number the carbon chain for lowest functional group numbers. 4. Identify and name side chains. 5. Use appropriate punctuation.

What is an addition reaction in organic chemistry?

A reaction where two molecules combine to form one.

What is substitution in the context of organic reactions?

A reaction where one atom or group is replaced by another.

What is the difference between chain isomerism and position isomerism?

Chain isomerism involves different arrangements of the carbon chain, while position isomerism has the same functional group in different positions on the chain.

What is a stereoisomer?

Isomers that have the same structural formula but are arranged differently in space.

What are E and Z isomers?

Stereoisomers that arise from restricted rotation around a C=C double bond, named based on the relative positions of highest priority groups.

How do you apply the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog (CIP) Priority Rules?

1. Look at atoms attached to the C=C bond. 2. Assign higher priority to atoms with higher atomic numbers. 3. Determine E or Z based on the relative positions of the groups.

What defines cis and trans isomerism?

Cis has the same groups on the same side of the double bond, while trans has them on opposite sides.

What example illustrates functional group isomerism?

The aldehyde (propanal, –CHO) and ketone (propanone, –CO–) forms of C3H6O.

What occurs during polymerisation?

Small monomers join together to form a long-chain polymer.