Cloze industry

Industry 1.0 = {{c1::Mechanisation}} based on {{c2::steam/water power}} and early factories.

Memory: 1 = steam + mechanization.

Industry 2.0 = {{c1::Electrification}} + {{c2::assembly line}} + {{c3::mass production}}.

Memory: 2 = electricity + assembly line.

Industry 3.0 = {{c1::Automation}} based on {{c2::electronics, computers and industrial robots}}.

Memory: 3 = computers automate production.

Industry 4.0 = {{c1::Digitalisation}} through {{c2::AI, IoT, big data and cyber-physical systems}}.

Memory: 4 = connected smart factory.

Industry 5.0 = {{c1::Personalisation}} plus {{c2::human-centric, sustainable and resilient production}}.

Memory: 5 = humans + cobots + sustainability.

Open question Industry 4.0 must include: division of the world, {{c1::global economic players}}, {{c2::main economic centres}}, technological progress, research discoveries, type of specialization, international flows and {{c3::socio-economic shifts}}.

Use this as a checklist for the 5-point open answer.

Industry 4.0 global players include {{c1::USA, China, Germany, Japan/South Korea, EU firms}}, tech platforms, advanced MNCs and research hubs.

Name at least 3 in an open answer.

Industry 4.0 main centres can include {{c1::Silicon Valley}}, {{c2::Shenzhen}}, {{c3::Germany's advanced manufacturing clusters}}, Japan/South Korea and Singapore.

Use examples to make the open answer concrete.

Industry 4.0 international flows include goods, services, capital, {{c1::data}}, {{c2::knowledge/technology}}, skilled labour and e-commerce.

Data flows are the special Industry 4.0 point.

Industry 4.0 socio-economic shifts include reskilling, remote work, platform work, {{c1::job polarization}}, {{c2::digital divide}}, cybersecurity and privacy risks.

Use 3-4 of these in the open answer.

Inter-industry trade = trade between {{c1::different industries}}; intra-industry trade = trade within {{c2::the same industry}}.

Core specialization distinction.

Horizontal intra-industry trade = similar goods/quality; vertical intra-industry trade = {{c1::different components, stages or quality levels}}.

Example vertical: car parts in different countries.

OLI stands for {{c1::Ownership}}, {{c2::Location}}, {{c3::Internalization}}.

Dunning's FDI theory.

WTO non-discrimination includes {{c1::Most-Favoured-Nation}} and {{c2::National Treatment}}.

MFN among foreign partners; NT after market entry.

GATT mainly covered {{c1::goods}}, while WTO also covers {{c2::services}} and {{c3::intellectual property}}.

GATS = services; TRIPS = IP.

Industry 4.0 open answer order: definition → {{c1::division of the world/players/centres}} → technologies/discoveries → production/specialization/flows → {{c2::socio-economic shifts}}.

Use this as your 5-point structure.

Industry 4.0 divides the world into {{c1::digital leaders}} and {{c2::digital followers/peripheries}}.

Digital leaders control data, platforms, AI, standards and high-value knowledge.

In Industry 4.0, the most important new international flow is not only goods/capital but also {{c1::data}}.

Mention data flows in the open answer.

Industry 4.0 specialization is mainly in {{c1::GVC tasks, digital services, R&D, software, data and high-tech manufacturing}}.

This is better than saying only 'countries produce goods'.

Industry 5.0 adds {{c1::human-centricity}}, {{c2::sustainability}} and {{c3::resilience}} to Industry 4.0 technologies.

This distinction is common in MCQs.