review 300```text Types of Cell Communication Endocrine = hormones travel through bloodstream to distant target cells Types of Cell Communication Neuronal = electrical signals converted to chemical signals at synapses Types of Cell Communication Contact-d
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46 Terms
What type of signaling uses hormones traveling through the bloodstream to distant target cells?
Endocrine
What type of signaling uses electrical signals converted to chemical signals at synapses?
Neuronal
What type of signaling requires membrane-bound signals binding receptors on adjacent cells?
Contact-dependent
What type of signaling uses local mediators to affect nearby cells?
Paracrine
What holds sister chromatids together?
Cohesin rings
What enzyme complex makes cellulose in plant cell walls?
Cellulose synthase complexes
What protein provides tensile strength in animal ECM?
Collagen
What receptor links ECM to the intracellular cytoskeleton?
Integrins
What protein blocks apoptosis?
Bcl-2
What proteins mediate cell-to-cell adhesion?
Cadherins
What does the G1/S checkpoint check?
Nutrients, proteins, and growth factors
What does the Intra-S checkpoint check?
DNA damage during replication
What does the G2 checkpoint check?
DNA fully replicated and undamaged before mitosis
What does the M checkpoint check?
Chromosome attachment to spindle before separation
During what phase does DNA replication occur?
Interphase (S phase)
During what phase does the nuclear envelope break down and spindle attach kinetochores?
Prometaphase
During what phase do chromosomes align at the metaphase plate?
Metaphase
During what phase does separase cleave cohesin and sister chromatids separate?
Anaphase
During what phase does the nuclear envelope reform?
Telophase
During what phase does the actin-myosin ring divide the cytoplasm?
Cytokinesis
What type of gene is APC?
Tumor suppressor gene
How many mutated alleles are usually required to lose tumor suppressor gene function?
Two
What are overactive growth-promoting genes called?
Oncogenes
What are examples of second messengers?
cAMP, cGMP, DAG, IP3
What does cAMP activate?
PKA
What activates PKC?
DAG and Ca2+
What enzyme cleaves PIP2 into IP3 and DAG?
Phospholipase C (PLC)
What does IP3 cause release of from the ER?
Ca2+
What pathway does Viagra enhance?
Nitric oxide / cGMP pathway
What receptor activates trimeric G-proteins after ligand binding?
GPCR
What receptor dimerizes and autophosphorylates tyrosines?
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)
What receptor opens or closes ion channels after ligand binding?
Ion-channel coupled receptor
What amino acids are mainly phosphorylated in the MAPK cascade?
Serine and threonine
What is the MAPK pathway sequence?
RTK → Ras → Raf → MEK → ERK
What does APC degrade to trigger anaphase?
Securin
What normally inhibits separase?
Securin
What enzyme cleaves cohesin rings?
Separase
What proteins condense chromosomes for M phase?
Condensins
What kinase inhibits M-Cdk?
Wee1
What phosphatase activates M-Cdk?
Cdc25
What kinase adds the activating phosphate to CDKs?
CAK
Which tissue contains abundant extracellular matrix?
Connective tissue
Which tissue has tightly packed cells with little ECM?
Epithelial tissue
Which tissue is specialized for contraction?
Muscle tissue
Which tissue is specialized for signaling?
Nervous tissue
What are EGF, PDGF, and NGF examples of?
Local mediators