Heed 1000 Chapter 9

Infection agents/pathogens

Porters of exit, mofe of transmission, portals of entry, and susceptible host.

These type of microbes can cause infections

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths (parasitic worms)

What are viruses?

These are tough, tiny pathogens. They're infectious organisms.

filoviruses

These viruses resemble threads and are extremely lethal Ebola

Hepatitis viruses

These viruses form liver infections, ranging from mild to life-threatening

Herpes viruses

Would take up permanent residence in the cells and periodically flareup

Noroviruses

Part of a family called caliviruses which caused gastroenteritis (shit yourself) in people

Papilloma viruses

This viruses caused a few symptoms in women and almost none and men, but may be responsible at least in part for a rise and incidence of cervical cancer among young women

Retroviruses

These viruses are backward in sequence of genetic replication compared to other viruses. HIV causes acquired immune deficiency symptom (AIDS).

Rhinoviruses and Adenoviruses

These viruses get into the mucus membranes and cause upper respiratory tract infections and colds

Slow viruses

These viruses have no early indication of their presence, but can produce fatal illnesses within a few years

Antibiotics

Drugs that inhibit or kill bacteria, and have no effect on viruses

Antiviral drugs

these don't completely eradicate of our infection, although they can decrease its severity in duration. Because viruses multiplied quickly these drugs are most effective when taken before an infection develops or in an early stage.

Bacteria

single-celled organisms. These are complex compared to viruses because they contain all the genetic information they need to make copies of themselves.

Fungi

A kingdom made up of nongreen, eukaryotic organisms that have no means of movement, reproduce by using spores, and get food by breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients

Protozoa

Single celled microscopic, animals, release enzymes and toxic that destroy cells or interfere with their function. Disease caused by this are not major health problems in our country, primarily because of public measures malaria is example of this.

Giardiasis

The most common disease caused by Protozoa in Canada. It is an intestinal infection caused by microorganisms and human and animal feces.

Helminths (Parasitic Worms)

The small parasitic worms that attacks specific tissues or organs in compete with host for nutrients.

Reservoir

This is a place where any infectious agent can live grow and multiply. It could be an animal insect person, food, or water.

West Nile virus

Transmitted through a bite from an infected mosquito, but also it can be transmitted from a organ transplant or blood products.

Symptom appear within 2 to 15 days include fever, body aches, brain, swelling, and paralysis

Symptoms of West nile virus

Zika virus

Transmitted through infectious mosquito, it could be transmitted to semen from infected men from vaginal fluid fluids from infected women, and from an infected woman to her faeces and through blood transfusions from infected donors.

Lyme disease

Spread through text primarily the black legged tick (deer tick) and the western black legged tick

Symptoms include joint inflammation, swollen lymph nodes, heart, arrhythmia, blinding headaches, and memory lapses

Symptoms of Lyme disease

Can transfer pathogens through the air, touch, or sexual contact to avoid infection. Stay out of range any infectious signs

People

Escherichia coli (E coli)

Bacteria in undercooked or genetically washed food. Disinfection is a public health problem worldwide.

Symptoms include mild to severe diarrhoea with no blood to high levels of blood and stools. Most people recover 5 to 10 days after exposure without antibiotics.

Symptoms of Escherichia coli (E coli)

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

The city condition where the red blood cells are destroyed, and the kidneys fail. It can be life-threatening and often requires intensive care, blood transfusions, and kidney dialysis.

Preventing E. coli

1 Wash hands, food and counter

2 separate foods by keeping raw meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs away from other foods

3 cook at the right temperature and don't eat raw or undercooked meat

4 chilled by refrigerating foods right away after cooking to prevent germs from growing

Salmonella

Another group of bacteria found in the test signs of birds and animals, raw or undercooked meat and poultry, milk and eggs, fruit, and vegetables, and water contaminated by faeces or through contact with infected people

Symptoms usually occur 12 hours to 72 hours after being infected and our diarrhea, fever, and apple cramps

Symptoms of salmonella

Botulism

This bacteria is found in food that has been improperly canned. Although it's occurrence is rare in commercial products, it is a danger home canning, eating, or drinking from dishes or glasses, and from the injection of drugs, infants can be affected, even if they're healthy and if they're under one years old this is found in soil, dust, sediments at the bottom of lakes and oceans, and then intestines of animals, fish, and birds

Water

This is scares commodity worldwide through the proxy 2000,000,000 people don't have access to this. It also means that basic services for a source must be located within a round-trip of 30 minutes.

Diseases such as typhoid, polio, dysuria, cholera, and hepatitis are all linked to contaminated source and pour sanitation

Poor water quality

Mode of transmission

How micro organisms travel from Reservoir to the host.

Direct contact

This mode of transmission is through body surface to body surface. Example include blood-borne and sexual contact.

Indirect contact

This mode of transmission is when a contact is made with an object or infected hose touches such as a TV remote

Droplet transmission

This motive transmission is often spread by nasal, and oral that comes into contact with large droplets containing germs from another infectious person that is close by example, sneezing and coughing

Airborne transmission

This mode of transmission spreads through very small droplets containing germs that are suspended in the air or dust. They are spread by air currents and enter into the respiratory tract example TB.

Common vehicle transmission

This mode of transmission is when you come in contact with contaminated equipment, food, water, or medication's examples include contaminated leftover food and polluted water supply.

Immunity

Protection from health threats

What body parts protect you from infection

Your skin, tears, sweat, skin oils, saliva

These act as a portal of entry and exit for infection

Tears, sweat and mucus

The two types of immune mechanisms

Humoral and cell mediated

Humoral immunity

This type of immunity is by antibodies or proteins delivered from white blood cells called B lymphocytes or B cells

What's an antigen?

a foreign substance that triggers an immune system response which in turn, produces antibodies against a specific disease

What's active immunity?

individual produces own antibodies and memory cells

long term immunity (Vaccine)

What's passive immunity?

body receives antibodies that have been produced by another individual or animals from a gamma globuline shot.

What are lymphocytes?

type of white blood cell

What is cell mediated immunity?

These are types of T cells and area are manufactured in the bone marrow and carried into the thymus for maturation. They work together to ward off disease and also include activation of other immune cells, help in the antibody mediated responses, and the suppression of lymphocyte activity.

What are microphage's?

Aid the T cells, that don't like foreign cells, diseased, and rundown, red blood cells, and other biological debris

What are B cells?

B-lymphocytes; they release antibodies into blood.

What are lymph nodes or glands?

Small tissue masses in which some protective cells restored

What are signs of inflammation?

redness, heat, swelling, pain

What is an abscess?

Tissue that has been destroyed informs with fluid battling cells and dead,white blood cells

What is systemic disease?

affects either the entire body or several parts and is caused when invaders aren't killed or an activated and pathogens spleen into the bloodstream.

How the stress affects immune system

The control, ability or uncontrollability of the stressor and the mental effort required to cope with the stress

Stop the possible transmission of the source i.e. Cleaning surfaces properly

Step one of breaking the chain of infection

3 multiple choice options

Attempt to interrupt the portal exit i.e. wearing a mask

Step two of breaking the chain of infection

3 multiple choice options

Interrupt the mode of transmission i.e. practising hand hygiene

Step three of breaking the chain of infection

3 multiple choice options

Protect the portal of entry i.e cleaning wounds

Step four of breaking the chain of infection

3 multiple choice options

Increase your defences so that you are not susceptible to host i.e. getting vaccinated

Step five of breaking chain of infection

3 multiple choice options

What is an immunization?

Helps your body fight infection by exposing it to vaccines usually in the form of injection or shots

What are antibodies?

They are used to fight and destroy viruses and bacteria vaccines often cause your body to create them to fight an illness

Who is the highest risk in infectious disease?

Children and their families, the elderly, chronically, ill, smokers, and those were respiratory problems, those who work or are in close contact with someone who is sick, resident or workers and poorly ventilated buildings

What is influenza?

So much of the cold, this causes more severe symptoms that last longer some people suffer mildly, and other people get very ill.

Rhinoviruses

A type of cold that happens in spring/summer and early fall and tend to cause more symptoms above the neck (stuffy nose, headache, runny eyes)

Parainfluenza, viruses, coronavirus, and influenza, viruses, and others

A type of call that strike in the winter and most likely to get into the bronchi and trachea (the breathing passages)

Preventing and treating colds

Using ibuprofen

Avian influenza

Also known as bird flu is caused by viruses that occur naturally among wild birds

H1N1

I flew Iris that began as a strain of influenza that primarily affected pigs, but came to North America in 2009

Pandemic flu

This is any virulent human flew that causes a global outbreak or pandemic of serious illness. Usually usually only affect animals, but then mutate affect humans which then adapt more to pass human to human.

Acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

This is the respiratory illness caused by a previous unknown type of coronavirus. It can progress from a cough, shortness of breath, difficulty in breathing and a fever higher than 38°C.

Meningitis

Is an infection of the fluid and membranes around the brain and spinal cord it could be caused by three kinds of germs, bacteria, viruses, or fungi

Hepatitis A (HAV)

This virus Is the most frequently reported disease in North America? It is transmitted by sanitation primary faecal calculation of food or water or coming in contact with an infected person.

There is a vaccine that prevents this

Hepatitis B (HBV)

This virus is a potentially fatal disease transmitted through the blood and other bodily fluids.

Hepatitis C (HCV)

This virus is four times as widespread as HIV. However, many people do not realize they are infected. They can lead to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer, and is the most leading reason for a liver transplant..

Symptoms include headaches, fever, fatigue, stiff, or aching joints, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea. Liver becomes enlarged and tender to the touch. Sometimes the yellow is tinge of jaundice develops.

Symptoms of hepatitis

Mononuckeosis (Mono)

This infection is spread through saliva and can be transmitted through any other form of close contact with an infected person. It's most common among people 15 to 24

Symptoms include sore throat, headache, fever, nausea, and prolonged weakness. The spleen is swollen and a lymph nodes are enlarged. You may also develop John or a skin rash similar to German measles.

Symptoms of mono

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Defined as a super bug which fights off traditional antibiotics and has become major health threat.

Bioterror agents

The use of infectious agents such as anthrax, smallpox, botulism, and tularemia as weapons of terrorism and war.

Anthrax

Found naturally in wild and formal, but can also be made in a lab and is spread through the exposure of spores not through exposure to an infected person

Smallpox

Is a serious, contagious and sometimes fatal infectious disease. There is no treatment. There's fear that terrorists might use this as a biological weapon.

Botulism

This disease is caused by toxin made by a bacterium. This toxin can kill within 24 hours. The disease kills by paralyzing muscles used to breathe. Treatment includes an antidote and possibly using a ventilator for breathing until the toxin works its way through the system.

Tularemia

This illness normally affects wild animals such as rabbits and squirrels, but humans can acquire the endless by coming in contact with the blood or body fluid of infected animals, or from a bite of a flyer took that carries blood from an affected animal or from a contented food or water source. Terrace might use this to dispose of the air for it to be inhaled.

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

infection of the urinary tract that can include the urethra, urinary bladder, and kidneys

this STI bacterial infection that affects the reproductive organs of both males and females. However, females without treatment, it can lead to pelvic inflammation disease, a serious infection of woman's fallopian tubes that can also cause damage to the ovaries and uterus.

Antibiotics are used for treatment

Spread through sexual contact, but it also can be spread by fingers from one by side to another

Chlamydia

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

This is not actually an STI, but rather our complication of STI's. Symptoms usually include abdo pain, fever, pain, and possibly bleeding when having sex, a brain sensation when urinating and bleeding between women's periods.

Is one of the most common STI's between the people ages 15 and 29.

Symptoms include: in men are cloudy discharge from the penis and a burning sensation during urination. Period. If disease is untreated complications may include inflammation of scrotal skin and swelling at base of testicle. In women's submarine or yellow discharge is produced, but after means undetected.

Spread by genital, oral genital, or general anal contact

Gonorrhoea (the clap)

Symptoms include: Information of the urethra to a man has discharged from penis and irritation during urination. A woman may have mild discharge of pus from the vagina, but often show no symptoms.

Primary caused our believed to be the bacteria of chlamydia, most commonly transmitted through coitus. Sometimes disinfection may resolve from allergy reactions

Nongoncoccal urethritis (NGU)

Primary stage :A painless chanre appears at the site where the infection entered the body

Secondary stage: the chancre disappears in journalize skin rash develops

Latent stage: there may be no visible symptoms

Tertiary(third) stage: heart failure, blindness, mental disturbance, and many other symptoms occur. Death may result. This stage can last between 1 and 20 years.

Spread through open lesions during genital, oral genital, or genital anal contact.

Syphilis

Symptoms include: Small, painful red bumps (papules) appear in the genital region or mouth. These bumps can become painful blisters that eventually ruptured to form wet, open sores

Spread primarily by vaginal, anal, or oral genital intercourse. The oral virus is transmitted primarily by kissing.

Herpes Symplex (HSV-2)

Small bumps (papules) in general regions, eventually rupture and form, painful, soft, crater Lake ulcers that emit a foul smelling discharge. This is not common in Canada.

Spread by sexual interaction

Chancroid

Warts in the genitalia area

Spread through vaginal, anal or oral genital sexual interaction

The treatments for this one however, are not just antibiotics. They are also freezing words by applying a topical cream.

Human papilloma virus (HPV)

Persistent itching. Lace may be visible and may often be located in pubic hair or other body hair.

Spread through body contact or through shared clothing or bedding.

The treatments for this are cream for skin and shampoo for hair

Pubic lice(crabs)

Small bumps and red rash that itch intensely, especially at night.

Spread close physical contact, sexual, and non-sexual contact

Treatment is cream

Scabies

Symptoms include: fevers, night sweats, weight, loss, chronic fatigue, swollen, lymph nodes, diarrhea, and or bloody tools, atypical, bruising, or bleeding, skin, rashes, headache, chronic cough, and a white dish coating on the tongue or throat.

Spread majorly through blood and semen which attacks the immune system system. It appears to be passed primarily through sexual contact or needle sharing among injection drug users,

Human immuno, efficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS)

Symptoms include in women, a fishy or musty, smelling thin, discharge, like flower paste, inconsistency, and usually gray. Most men are asymptomatic.

Spread through sex from bacteria

Bacterial vaginosis

Symptoms include a white cheesy discharge, irritation of vaginal and Volvo tissues

Spread by accelerated growth when they chemical balance of the vagina is disturbed. It may also be transmitted through sexual interaction.

Candidiasis (yeast infection)