Bio Test 9 Study Guides

What is the one common characteristic all protists share (i.e. why are they grouped into this Kingdom)?

-Relatively small and eukaryotic

Which statement describes (internally and metabolically) the first hypothesized eukaryotic organism? (look to all the information we discussed on Pelomyxa palustris)

-Single celled non-photosynthetic organism that appears to represent an early stage in the evolution of eukaryotic cells

-Larger than bacteria

-Contains complex internal membranes

-No mitochondria

-Had two bacterias living in them that had the same role as mitochondria

According to the video How Did Cells Evolve into Multicellular Organisms, how long ago did life show up on earth? How long ago did unicellular organisms start "sticking together?"

-Showed up 3 billion years ago

-Started sticking together 1.5-2 billion years ago

According to the video How Did Cells Evolve into Multicellular Organisms, why are living organisms limited by size (why can your cells only grow to a certain size)?

Because of surface area and volume

According to the video How Did Cells Evolve into Multicellular Organisms, what is the advantage of being multicellular compared to unicellular?

Your insides are protected and you can live longer

According to the video How Did Cells Evolve into Multicellular Organisms, is humans have a trillion cells in their bodies, why do we only use an egg and sperm to reproduce?

It guarantees every cell in our offspring is genetically identical

Which statement accurately describes the theory of endosymbiosis?

That mitochondria originated as symbiotic aerobic bacteria is thought to have been engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell

How are purple nonsulfur bacteria and mitochondria of eukaryotes similar? (know the information we discussed on slide four)

-Inner membranes are both folded

-Both use same proteins to carry out oxidative metabolism

One of the main questions the scientific community had regarding the endosymbiosis theory is how did the mitochondrial genes transfer over time if all these organisms originally did was eat these bacteria?

-Most of their genes had been transferred to the chromosomes of the host cells

How are most bacteria and mitochondria similar? (know the information we discussed on slide five)

-Similar genomes and circular DNA

-Similar ribosomes

-Both divide by simple binary fission

-Replicate and sort DNA the same

Why are chloroplast also theorized to originally be bacteria which were incorporated into certain plant and algae eukaryotes?

Have circular DNA, have complex system of inner membranes, same ribosomes, replicate with binary fission

Why are centrioles also theorized to originally be bacteria which were incorporated into animal eukaryotic cells?

Resemble spirochete bacteria and contain bacteria like DNA involved in production of structural proteins

Which statement describes the cell surface of some protists?

-silica or outer covering

-plasma membrane

Which statement does not describe a type of locomotor organelles used by protists?

-Flagella: used as like a tail

-Cilia: like little fins or hairs to move

-Pseudopods: use actin and myosin to grab onto surfaces and have crawling movement

-Filopodia: branching protrusion sticking out, harder to move with, more for protection

-Axopodia: supported by axial rods and extends and contracts, weird rolling movement

Some protists can form a cyst. Which statement describes the definition of a cyst or why it forms?

-Dormant forms of a cell with a resistant outer covering, cell's metabolism is basically more less completely shut down

-Formed by having not too much cytoplasm inside and a main nucleus, everything is shut down like a resting state

Protists can complete every form of metabolism (depending upon the species) except ____________, which can only be completed by bacteria. Fill in the blank.

chemoautotrophic

Regarding the way a protist gains nutrition, protists can be phototrophs, phagotrophs, or osmotrophs. Which statement does not accurately describe these forms of gaining energy?

-Phototrophs: rely on sun's energy to feed themselves

-Phagotrophs: ingest physical particles of food through food vacuoles or phagosomes and uses lysosomes

-Osmotrophs: ingest food in a soluble form

Which statement does not list a type of asexual reproduction completed by a variety of protists?

-binary fission

-budding

-schizogony

Can some protists utilize sexual reproduction and, if so, when would they most likely use this method?

-When the have to which is an obligate sexual phase

-Only under stress

Which statement describes the characteristics of protists found within the Supergroup Excavata?

A groove on one side of the cell body

Which statement describes the characteristics of protists found within the SuperphylumChromalveolata (within Supergroup SAR)?

Photosynthetic group

Which statement describes the characteristics of protists found within the SuperphylumRhizaria (within Supergroup SAR) ?

DNA similarities, silicon exoskeletons and limestone shells

Which statement describes the characteristics of protists found within the SupergroupArchaeplastida?

Red and green algae and contain charophytes

Which statement describes the characteristics of protists found within the Supergroup Amoebozoa?

A type of amoeba or slime mold

Which statement describes the characteristics of protists found within the Supergroup Opisthokonta?

Closest living relative to every single animal and fungi

Which statement describes the protists found within the Division (or Phylum) Diplomonads? (know their three main characteristics)

-Unicellular

-Move with flagella

-Have to have two nuclei

Which is an example of a species found within the Division (or Phylum) Diplomonads discussed in lecture?

Giardia intestinalis: dehydrates you, similar to cholera

Which statement describes the protists found within the Division (or Phylum) Parabasalids? (know their three main characteristics)

-undulating membrane

-have flagella

-don’t have classic mitochondria

Which is an example of a species found within the Division (or Phylum) Parabasalids discussed in lecture?

Trichomonas vaginalis: kind of STD, very itchy

Which statement describes the free-living protists found within the Division (or Phylum) Euglenozoa?

Among the earliest free living eukaryotes to possess mitochondria

Which is an example of a species found within the Division (or Phylum) Euglenozoa discussed in lecture?

-Euglena

-Have chlorophyll A and B

-In the dark are heterotrophs

-Have a pellicle: outer coating

-Only mitotic cell division

-Have two flagella

-Have a stigma: helps photosynthetic organs move towards the light

Which statement describes the protists found within the Class Kinetoplastida?

-has unique mitochondria with two types of DNA (mini circle & maxicircle)

-Do very rapid glycolysis

-they edit their DNA unusually

Which is an example of a species found within the Class Kinetoplastida discussed in lecture?

Trypanosoma: can make you very anemic and kill you

Which statement describes a difference between bacteria and early eukaryotes (such as the amoeboid Pelomyxa palustris)?

Eukaryotes are much larger than bacteria and contained internal membranes

Which statement describes the characteristics of the protists found within Phylum Dinoflagellata?

Photosynthetic, 2 flagella, salt or freshwater, silica outer coating, A and C chlorophyll, can have carotenoids, asexual reproduction (sexual is rare), no histone proteins to hold their DNA or chromosomes.

Which statement describes the characteristics of the protists found within Phylum Apicomplexa?

Causes malaria, forms spores, saliva and gut mosquitoes, goes to your liver, falls under plasmodium, very small, intermediate host, you are the final host, bitten into you, can lead to death #1 killer protist.

Which is an example of a species found within the Phylum Apicomplexa discussed in lecture?

Mosquitoes bite into you and go into your liver which can kill you. Asian tiger mosquito

Which statement describes the characteristics of the protists found within Ciliophora?

Cilia all on the outside, has a pellicle (outer coating), can slip through flexible areas, macronucleus and micronucleus, has cytoproct (the opening that lets things out)

Which is an example of a species found within the Phylum Ciliophora discussed in lecture?

Vorticella

Which statement describes the characteristics of the protists found within Phylum Ochrophyta?

Chlorophyll A and C, reproductive cycle, can be free living, has a zygote that goes through mitosis, when it develops it is a sporophyte.

Which is an example of a species found within the Phylum Ochrophyta discussed in lecture?

Brown algae

Know the life cycle of brown algae and how to describe it using words (it is on slide twenty-two).

IN PPT

Which statement describes the characteristics of the protists found within Phylum Chrysophyta?

Photosynthetic, A and C chlorophyll, produce a carbohydrate called chrysolaminarin, looks like a shell, 2 long roofs called raphes that they use to swim.

Which is an example of a species found within the Phylum Chrysophyta discussed in lecture?

Diatoms

Which statement describes the characteristics of the protists found within Phylum Heterokontophyta?

Parasitic, plant pathogen, or saprode/only eat dead organic matter, zoospore that swims around during sexual reproduction, very small, brown algae is a bit bigger.

Which statement describes the characteristics of the protists found within Phylum Radiolaria?

Shiny exoskeleton, spiky pseudopods, don't photosynthesize, heterotrophs.

Which statement describes the characteristics of the protists found within Phylum Foraminifera?

Heterotrophic, around for a long time, look like tiny snails, have tests and spores, spicules form and protect them, podia emerges used for swimming or feeding.

According to the video Xenophyophores The Strange Life of a Giant Single Cell, if you wanted to fill an average-sized xenophyophore with average-sized human cells, you would need more than _________________ (number) human cells. Fill in the blank.

100 billion

According to the video Xenophyophores The Strange Life of a Giant Single Cell, why is a xenophyophore's life pretty simple?

They find a good spot on the rocks of the ocean floor or sand and wait for bits of dirt, dead animals, rocks, and minerals to fall on or near them then they stick everything together using a feces cement.

According to the video Xenophyophores The Strange Life of a Giant Single Cell, why are some xenophyophores radioactive (in theory)?

They might be some sort of sponge when it comes to soaking up metals.

Which statement describes the characteristics of the protists found within Phylum Cercozoa?

Photosynthetic or feeds, grouped because of their genetics

Which statement describes the characteristics of the protists found within Phylum Archaeplastida?

No flagella, no centrioles, Alt of gen., A and D chlorophyll, phycobiliproteins.

Which statement describes the characteristics of the protists found within Phylum Chlorophyta?

All green algae, A and B chlorophyll, can be single or multi celled, + or - crossing creates a zygote.

Know the life cycle of Chlamydomas found within Phylum Chlorophyta and how to describe it using words.

IN PPT

Why are the species found within Phylum Charophyta important evolutionarily?

Every plant has evolved from this.

Know the life cycle of Ulva found within Phylum Charophyta and how to describe it using words.

IN PPT

What does it mean if something can complete alternation of generations?

They have the ability to have a free living gametophyte and a free living haploid stage.

Which statement describes the characteristics of the protists which are considered amoebas?

Finds ameba, considered fungus at first, sarcomas used to be amoeba, pseudopods crawl, actin creates cell movement for mitosis.

Which statement describes the characteristics of the protists which are considered plasmodial slime molds?

Alive, can crawl and move, non walled multi nucleus mases, gigantic oozing mases, harmless. As they move they eat any small particle. Do not have centrioles, different ways to move chromosomes. Sporangium form and causes them to grow.

Which statement describes the characteristics of the protists which are considered cellular slime molds?

Different amoebas and create a giant mass that can move around like a slug, the cells can combine and differentiate.

According to the video This Pulsating Slime Mold Come in Peace, how do slime molds move?

They pulse forwards and backwards, spreading and searching for bacteria or fungi to eat.

According to the video This Pulsating Slime Mold Come in Peace, does a slime mold have only one nuclei?

No, they have many.

According to the video This Pulsating Slime Mold Come in Peace, Can we build something that moves similar to a slime mold and what could it be used for?

Yes, like the Japanese "walking gel". It can be used as a hypothetical robotic goo that could squeeze into the narrowest parts of your body.

According to the video Slime Mold A Brainless Blob That Seems Smart, the term "slime mold" actually refers to more than _________ species, found on every continent and have been around for at least _____________ years. Fill in the blanks.

900, 600 million

According to the video Slime Mold A Brainless Blob That Seems Smart, what do the slime molds do when the environment is safe enough?

Slime molds grow tiny mushroom-like sporangia, pumping out spores that grow into the next generation of single cells.

According to the video Slime Mold A Brainless Blob That Seems Smart, why are slime molds considered "smart?"

Slime molds can find efficient paths between lumps and food, and seem to learn new things about their environment.

According to the video Slime Mold A Brainless Blob That Seems Smart, for slime molds to be about to communicate and learn, something biochemical is going on to store information without _________. Fill in the blank.

the help of neurons

Which statement describes the characteristics of the protists found within Phylum Choanoflagellida?

Have one flagellum and contractual collar, look similar to sponges and funguses.

Why are choanoflagellates important evolutionarily speaking?

Sister phylum and precursor to all animals and fungi.

Which of these statements do not explain a defining characteristic of organism found within Kingdom Fungi?

Not photosynthetic, heterotrophs, have external digestion, have different types of cells, can have parasitic unicellular fungi.

Multicellular fungi are primarily filamentous in their growth form and have a body which is composed of long, slender filaments called _____________. Fill in the blank.

hyphae

What does it mean if a fungi undergoes plasmogamy?

The cytoplasm of two different hyphal cells (or protoplasts) fuse together (SHE DIDN'T TALK ABOUT THIS SO I SEARCHED IT UP)

What does it mean if a fungi undergoes karyogamy?

The fusion of two haploid nuclei into a single diploid nucleus(SHE DIDN'T TALK ABOUT THIS SO I SEARCHED IT UP)

During sexual reproduction, some fungi undergo a stage in which two haploid cells coexist in a single cell called a _____________ for some period of time before fusing to make a diploid nucleus. Fill in the blank.

dikaryon

All fungi have cell walls made of ____________. Fill in the blank.

chitin

Fungi undergo nuclear mitosis (closed mitosis) to complete cellular division. Which statement describes nuclear mitosis?

Never open the nuclear envelope, go through all the stages of interphase and mitosis inside the actual nucleus, they double up the chromosomes then split them apart and put them in different cells.

Regarding the body of a fungus, which statement describes one of the type of hyphae a fungus can possess? (there are technically two)

-Tubes and nuclei all over

-Chains and septa separating

Regarding the body of a fungus, what is a mycelium?

False root system can attach to other plant roots and give them nutrients for sugar.

Regarding how fungi reproduce, what is the difference between a monokaryotic and dikaryotic cell?

Monokaryotic- one cell, one nuclei

Dikaryotic- 2 cells, 2 nucleuses

Regarding how fungi reproduce, what is the difference between a heterokaryotic and homokaryotic hyphae?

Heterokaryotic- genetically different cells

Homokaryotic- same cells

Fungi are capable of producing both sexual and asexual spores. How are they (a) spread in the environment or (b) grow once they reach the ground?

-(a): Can spread with spores through the wind

-(b): Mycelium grows first then they grow, different micolia makes different spores, sexual reproduction cycles vary.

All fungi use external digestion to obtain nutrients. What is external digestion?

when fungi secrete digestive enzymes into their surroundings and

Absorbing them back into the fungus using these organic molecules.

Which statement describes a type of carnivorous fungi discussed in lecture?

Cordyceps

According to the video Cordyceps Attack of the Killer Fungi, the fungus Cordyceps Has infected what body part of the bullet ant?

The brain

According to the video Cordyceps Attack of the Killer Fungi, what does Cordyceps make the ant do or why?

It disorientates the ant; makes it grab a stem with its mandibles. And the body of the Cordyceps erupts from the ants head.

According to the video Cordyceps Attack of the Killer Fungi, are there different species of Cordyceps ? Can they attack and infect any organism or does each species specialize?

There are thousands of types of cordyceps fungi and each specializes in just one species.

According to the video Cordyceps Attack of the Killer Fungi, what positive effect do these Cordyceps have on jungle diversity?

They stop any group of animals from taking over. The more numerous of species becomes the more likely it will be attacked by it's nemesis acordes EPS fungus.

According to the video Killer Fungus Turns Flies into Zombies, how does "zombification" of the fruit flies take place or what happens on the fourth or fifth day?

They consume a fungi from over ripe fruit and it grows and infiltrates their mind. The fly gets erratic

According to the video Killer Fungus Turns Flies into Zombies, what happens to the fly when the fungus now has it under its control?

The fly climbs to a high place then starts twitching, spits out liquid which seals it, killing it. Putting it into a Death pose.

According to the video Killer Fungus Turns Flies into Zombies, what happens to the internal fungus after the fly dies?

It emerges, tiny spore launchers burst out of the flies skin There the next generation of of killer fungus

According to the video Killer Fungus Turns Flies into Zombies , how does a fungus take control of a brain (in theory)?

The fungus secrets chemicals to manipulate the fly's neurons, Stimulating the ones that make flies climb.

Which statement does not describe a way humans can use the metabolic pathways of fungi to their benefit?

Make medicines, bioremediation which breaks down organisms, bread rise; creates cheese wine and beer, and clean soil and waters.

According to the video on Penicillium, what happened when Alexander Fleming mixed penicillin with his own blood? Why is this a good thing?

He realized that it was lethal to bacteria and harmless to human blood.

Fungi are the principal ______________ (along with bacteria) since they return substances locked in living and dead organisms to circulation in the ecosystem. Fill in the blank.

decomposer

Which statement does not describe a type of symbiotic relationship fungi can form with another organism?

A relationship between two organisms that can be good or bad

What are lichen?

Lichen is a mutualistic relationship that is obligate between either fungi and algae or fungi and Cyanobacteria. They can not live without one another, they have heterotrophic abilities and phototrophic abilities.

Which statement describes the relationship between mycorrhizae and plant roots?

Mycorrhizae forms a mutualistic relationship with the roots of plants and they can increase the surface area to basically allow more uptake of nitrogen phosphorous and carbon.

Which statement describes the fungi found within the Phylum Microsporidia?

An intracellular parasite, they have no mitochondria, they do contain genes that serve a similar function, because they are probably degenerate fungi.

Which statement describes the fungi found within the Phylum Chytridiomycota?

The only fungi with a flagella (flagellated fungi), it is aquatic (water-based), they have motile

Zoospores which is a distinguishing characteristic of this fungal group. This was most likely the

oldest ancestral fungi that existed.

Which statement describes the fungi found within the Phylum Blastocladiomycota?

The only fungi to exhibit alternations of generations.