Bio final

Louis Pasteur

Designed an experiment proving airborne microorganisms as a source of life in meat broth.

Swan's neck glass tube

Created by Pasteur to allow air in without microorganisms.

Germ theory

Concept established as evidence by Pasteur's experiment.

Alexander Fleming

Discovered the first antibiotic formed by molds or bacteria competing.

Competitive Exclusion Principle

States no two species can occupy the same niche at the same time.

Robert Hooke

Invented the compound microscope and discovered cells.

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Observed bacteria in pond water through microscopes.

Cell theory

1. All living things are made of cells; 2) cells are the basic unit of structure and function; 3) cells arise only from existing cells.

Observation

Act of noticing and describing processes in an orderly manner.

Inference

Logical interpretation based on known information.

Hypothesis

Scientific explanation that can be tested.

Controlled experiment

Observing change in a controlled environment.

Independent variable

The variable that is deliberately changed.

Dependent variable

The variable that changes in response to the independent variable.

Quantitative data

Numerical data obtained by counting or measuring.

Qualitative data

Descriptive data involving characteristics that cannot be counted.

Scientific theory

A well-tested explanation unifying a range of observations.

Scientific law

Predicts how nature behaves without explaining why.

Bias

Personal perspective for or against a subject.

Biosphere

The global ecosystem linking organisms with their environments.

Homeostasis

The ability of organisms to maintain a stable internal environment.

Stimulus

A signal to which an organism responds.

Metabolism

Chemical reactions allowing organisms to build up and break down matter.

Evolution

The gradual change of living organisms over time.

Material cause

The substance from which something is made.

Formal cause

The essence or form that directs matter.

Efficient cause

The agent that brings something into being.

Final cause

The purpose or reason for existence.

Element

A pure substance made entirely of one type of atom.

Pasteurization

Heating food to kill microorganisms, created by Louis Pasteur.

Compound

Substance formed by chemically combining two or more elements.

Solution

A mixture with evenly distributed and dissolved components.

Cohesion

The attraction between molecules of the same substance.

Adhesion

The attraction between molecules of different substances.

Hydrogen bonds

Weak bonds formed between polar molecules.

Suspension

A mixture of water and nondissolved material.

Solute

The substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Solvent

The substance in which a solute dissolves.

Acid

A substance that produces hydrogen ions in solution.

Base

A substance that accepts hydrogen ions or donates hydroxide ions.

pH scale

Indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

Buffer

Compounds that maintain stable pH levels.

Monomer

Small units that join together to form a polymer.

Polymer

A large molecule formed from monomers.

Carbohydrate

Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen used as energy sources.

Lipids

A diverse group of biological molecules that are hydrophobic.

Nucleic acid

Macromolecules involved in storing and transmitting genetic information.

Protein

Biomolecules that perform many functions, including enzymes and transport.

Amino acid

Building blocks of proteins containing an amine and carboxyl group.

Enzyme

A protein that acts as a biological catalyst.

Catalyst

A substance that speeds up chemical reactions.

Substrate

The reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

Cell theory

States that all living things are made of cells and arise only from existing cells.

Eukaryotic cells

Cells with membrane-bound organelles, such as plant and animal cells.

Prokaryotic cells

Simple cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

Nucleus

The control center of the cell containing DNA.

Cell membrane

Phospholipid bilayer regulating cell entry and exit.

Cell wall

Rigid structure providing support and protection to plant cells.

Cytoplasm

Substance within a cell where cellular processes occur.

Rough ER

Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes, assembles and packages proteins.

Smooth ER

Endoplasmic reticulum that synthesizes lipids and detoxifies harmful substances.

Golgi apparatus

Organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.

Chloroplast

Organelle that captures sunlight for photosynthesis.

Mitochondria

Cellular powerhouse converting food into ATP through respiration.

Ribosomes

Small organelles that synthesize proteins.

Vacuole

Storage organelle for nutrients, water, and waste.

Vesicle

Transport organelle for materials within or outside the cell.

Lysosomes

Organelles containing enzymes for digestion of waste.

Cytoskeleton

Structural network providing support to the cell.

Centrioles

Assist in cell division by organizing microtubules.

Selective permeability

Property allowing certain substances to pass through membranes.

Diffusion

Movement of solute particles from high to low concentration.

Facilitated diffusion

Passive transport aided by proteins in the membrane.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

Aquaporin

Channel protein facilitating water transport across cell membranes.

Active transport

Movement of substances against a gradient requiring energy.

Passive transport

Movement across membranes without energy use.

Endocytosis

Process of taking materials into a cell via membrane folding.

Exocytosis

Process of releasing materials from a cell.

Isotonic

Solution with equal concentrations of solute and solvent.

Hypertonic

Solution with a higher concentration of solute.

Hypotonic

Solution with a lower concentration of solute.

Organ system

Groups of organs working together for a function.

Organ

Groups of tissues performing complex tasks.

Tissue

Groups of similar cells with a specific function.

Receptor

Protein on cell membranes responding to signals.

Compound microscope

Type of microscope using two convex lenses.

Ocular lens

Eyepiece of a microscope.

Objective lens

Lens closest to the specimen being observed.

Diaphragm

Controls light passage through a microscope.

Electron microscope

Microscope using electrons for high-resolution images.

Embryonic stem cells

Cells capable of forming any type of cell.

Adult stem cells

Cells that produce specific cell types within organs.

Species

Group of organisms with the same genetic characteristics.

Population

Group of individuals of the same species in an area.

Community

Different populations living together in a defined area.

Ecosystem

All living organisms and their environment in a specific area.

Biome

A group of ecosystems sharing similar climates.

Ecology

Study of interactions among organisms and their environment.

Biosphere

The global sum of all ecosystems on Earth.