mis exam three - full set

cody smith, baylor mis

what is the focus of manufacturing resource planning in the 60s - 80s?

production scheduling and material requirements

what was the key innovation for material resource planning in the 60s - 80s?

“planned v actual” analysis for manufacturing control

what were the limitations of material resource planning in the 60s - 80s?

isolated from other business functions (finance, HR, and sales)

what were the business drivers for erp in the 1990’s?

globalization, supply chain complexity and data inconsistency

what was the core vision for erp in the 1990’s?

single source of truth across all business functions

who were some of the early vendors for erp?

sap, oracle, peoplesoft, jd edwards

what is the erp value in operational efficiency?

automation of manual processes, reduced errors and faster transactions

what is the erp value in data consistency?

single source of truth eliminates reconciliation nightmares

what is the erp value in speed and visibility?

real-time reporting and decision-making

what is the erp value in cost reduction?

inventory optimization, better supplier management, reduced working capital

what is the erp value in scalability?

support for growth, multiple locations, currencies and languages

what is the erp value in compliance?

built-in controls for audit trails, segregation of duties and regulatory reporting

what are the main challenges of erp?

high implementation cost, long timelines, significant business disruption, requires business processes to change, massive data migration, and talent shortages

what is the erp implementation method the waterfall approach?

traditional phased approach, (analysis→ design → built → test → go live)

what is the erp implementation method big bang?

implement entire system all at once across organization

what is the erp implementation method best of breed vs best of suite?

single vendor v multiple specialized systems

what is the erp implementation method agile erp?

newer approach using iterative cycles and continuous improvement

what is the erp implementation method cloud v on-premise?

deployment model choices

what is the shift to cloud based deployments called?

SaaS

what is modular erp?

best of breed solutions integrated via apis

what are the challenges of modular erp?

integration complexity, data governance, vendor management

what are the benefits of modular erp?

flexibility, best functionality in each category, faster innovation

what is the hybrid approach for modular erp?

core erp + specialized solutions

what are the main costs of erp?

software licensing, implementation, infrastructure and cloud hosting, training and change management, ongoing support and maintenance

what are the hidden costs of erp?

data migration, process redesign, business disruption

what was considered early “programming”

the jacquard loom!

when is the term “robot” coined?

by czech playright, in the 1920s

when was the first industrial robot patent (devol and engelberger)?

1954

what was the name of the robot installed at the general motors factory, and when?

UNIMATE and in 1961

what is robotics?

discipline combining mechanical engineering, computer science and AI

what is the definition of a robot?

a programmable machine that perceives environment and preforms tasks autonomously or semi-autonomously

what are the key components of a robot?

mechanical structure, actuators (motors), sensors, control system (software/AI)

is there a spectrum of autonomy when it comes to robots?

yes! ranging from full teleoperation, semi-autonomous, and fully autonomous

what is the value a business has for a robot?

consistency, precision, 27/4 operation, hazardous environment access

what is an industrial robot used for?

manufacturing (assembly, welding, painting), palletizing, material handling

what is a service robot used for?

cleaning, delivery, hospitality, healthcare (surgical, disinfection, patient care)

what are collaborative robots used for? (cobots)

designed to work safely alongside humans

what are mobile robots used for?

autonomous navigation (warehouse, delivery, logistics)

what are specialized robots used for?

underwater exploration, hazmat, space, military applications

what are drones?

aircraft without onboard pilot; operated remotely or autonomously

what are the key characteristics of a drone?

flight duration (minutes to hours), payload capacity, range, weather resistance

what are the control modes for drones?

manual (pilot-controlled), semi-autonomous (assisted flight), and fully autonomous (programmed missions)

what are sensor packages for drones?

cameras (visual and thermal), lidar, radar, multispectral sensors

what are the categories of drones?

micro (under 250g), small (under 55lbs), large (commercial and military)

what are the commerical applications of drones?

surveying, mapping, agriculture, infrastructure inspection, real estate, media production

what are the industrial uses for drones?

power line inspection, mine surveying, disaster assessment, construction monitoring

what are the emerging services for drones?

delivery, emergency response, environmental monitoring

what are the advantages of drones?

access to dangerous / remote locations, cost efficiency v manned aircraft, speed of deployment

what are the challenges of drones?

regulatory restrictions, weather dependency, limited flight duration and safety concerns

what is an autonomous vehicle?

car that can navigate roads and make driving decisions with minimal / no human intervention

what does a zero mean in the standardized scale of driving automation (defined by SAE)?

no automation

what does a two mean in the standardized scale of driving automation (defined by SAE)?

driver assistance (autopilot, adaptive cruise, lane keeping) this is the current market leader!

what does level three to four mean in the standardized scale of driving automation (defined by SAE)?

conditional / high automation (limited to specific conditions, but can handle most scenarios)

what does level five mean in the standardized scale of driving automation (defined by SAE)?

full automation (no steering wheel or pedals, no human driver needed)

what is the sensor suite in autonomous vehicles?

cameras, lidar, radar, ultrasonic sensors, gps, inertial measurement units

what is the software stack when it comes to autonomous vehicles?

perception (object detection), prediction (path forecasting), planning (route determination), control (actuator commands)

what are the key challenges for autonomous vehicles?

edge case handling, adverse weather, cybersecurity, liability, ethical decisions

what is the current bottleneck for autonomous vehicles?

rare events that machine learning models haven’t encountered during training

what is the data requirements for autonomous cars look like?

billions of miles of driving data needed for safety validation

who are the industry players for robots?

abb, kuka, fanuc, yaskawa, boston dynamics, rethic robotics, some automakers like honda

who are the industry players for drones?

dji (seventy percent market share), auteryz, freefly, aeryon, parrot

who are the major industry players for autonomous vehicles?

waymo, tesla, cruise, aurora, and zoox (some traditional automakers are here too!)

what are industry robotics?

ubiquitous in manufacturing, 3+ million robots globally

what are service robots?

rapidly deployed in hospitals, logistics, retail; hospitals use thousands for disinfection and delivery

what are collaborative robots?

fastest-growing segment; increasingly integrated with AI for learning

what is the labor market impact for robotics in 2026?

automation accelerating in warehouses, healthcare, hospitality; significant job displacement in some sectors

what are the challenges of robotics in 2026?

high capital costs, need for customization, skilled workforce shortage for robot programming / maintenance

what is the civilian drone market?

hundreds of thousands of commerical drones in operation; surveying, agriculture, photography, inspection dominant.

what is the delivery drone market?

limited but expanding pilot programs in select cities and regions

what is the regulatory process for drones in 2026?

most developed nations now have clear rules for commercial drone operations

what is the economic value of drones in 2026?

commercial drone services market estimated at $10+ billion annually

why are there geopolitical tensions around drones in 2026?

dji market dominance creates national security concerns in the us, europe and canada

who is waymo’s parent company?

alphabet inc. (also google’s parent!)

what enabled B2B transactions in early forms of e-commerce?

electronic data interchange (edi!)

when was the world wide web invented?

tim bernes-lee in 1989!

what did the world wide web do?

allowed the first web browsers to make the internet accessible to consumers

what was the main concern with e-commerce early on?

security concerns and lack of payment standards created barriers and issues

when was amazon founded, and why?

founded in 1994 and as an online bookstore

when were secure payment protocols implemented?

after dot-com and the aftermath! so 1995 - 2003, and they were implemented as SLL/HTTPS

what did the rise of mobile and web 2.0 help do? (2003-2010)

broadband internet becomes mainstream! smartphones emerge, social media, third-party marketplaces and more.

what does dtc stand for?

direct to consumer, so brands disrupt traditional retail

what is it called when retail integrates online and in physical stores?

omnichannel

what is the core definition of ecommerce?

the buying and selling of goods and services over the internet

what is the broader definition of ecommerce?

digital transactions and business processes that occur electronically

what is the scope of ecommerce?

includes product sales, services, information, and digital goods

what are the transaction types for ecommerce?

b2b, b2c, c2c, g2b, and g2c

what is the key distinction in ecommerce?

technology-enabled commerce, not just a sales channel

what is the b2c transaction type?

companies sell directly to individual customers

what are the characteristics of a b2c?

high transaction volume, varied product categories, competitive pricing pressure

what is one of the most important things for b2c?

customer experience! such as reviews, returns, customer service is the differentiator

what is the b2b transaction type?

business to business! companies selling to other companies

what are the characteristics of b2b transactions?

relationship-based, contract negotiations, and integration requirements

what is the c2c transaction type?

consumer to consumer

what are the characteristics of c2c transactions?

trust mechanisms like ratings, seller verification. plus also most of these companies have transaction fees

what are the things supporting the ecommerce ecosystem?

payment systems & logistics and fulfillment

what is included in payment systems?

payment processors, credit/debit cards, digital wallets, and alternative payments like klarna

what is included in logistics and fulfillment?

warehouse management, last-mile delivery, third-party logistics and fulfillment models

who are the industry players for platforms and marketplaces?

amazon, ebay, alibaba, shopify and etsy

who are the players for pure-play retailers?

zenni, warby parker, bonobos, glossier, chewy

who are the players in traditional retailers going digital?

walmart, target, best buy, sephora