Solutions and Equilibrium Study Guide Flashcards

Vocabulary terms and key concepts regarding solutions, solubility factors, colligative properties, Le Chatelier's principle, and molarity calculations.

Solution

A homogeneous mixture created when a solute is dissolved into a solvent.

Solute

The substance that is being dissolved in a solution.

Solvent

The substance that does the dissolving in a solution.

Colligative property

A property of a solution that depends on the number of solute particles present, rather than the identity of those particles.

Boiling point elevation

An increase in the boiling point of a solvent caused by the addition of solute particles.

Freezing point depression

A decrease in the freezing point of a solvent caused by the addition of solute particles.

Polar molecules

Molecules that have an unequal distribution of electrical charge, affecting how they interact with solutes and solvents.

Nonpolar molecules

Molecules that have an equal distribution of electrical charge.

Le Chatelier's principle

A principle used to predict the direction an equilibrium will shift (left or right) when a reactant or product is added or removed from the system.

Solubility

The ability of a solute to dissolve in a specific solvent under given conditions.

Factors increasing gas solubility

A decrease in temperature and an increase in pressure above the liquid.

Factors increasing solid solubility

Stirring the solution, increasing the temperature, or increasing the surface area of the solute (e.g., grinding it into a powder).

Molarity (M)

A measure of concentration calculated using the formula M = rac{ ext{mol}}{L}.

Equilibrium shift: Adding a reactant

The equilibrium will shift to the right (toward the products).

Equilibrium shift: Removing a reactant

The equilibrium will shift to the left (toward the reactants).

Equilibrium shift: Adding a product

The equilibrium will shift to the left (toward the reactants).

Equilibrium shift: Removing a product

The equilibrium will shift to the right (toward the products).

Grams to Molarity conversion

First convert grams to moles using molar mass, then divide by the liters of solution (M = rac{ ext{mol}}{L}).

Fewest dissolved solute particles indicator

In solutions with the same solvent, the solution with the freezer point closest to $0,^{\circ}C$ (the highest freezing point value) has the fewest dissolved particles.