BIOLOGY FINAL REVIEW

polar/hydrophilic

• uneven distribution of electrons

• water loving

nonpolar/hydrophobic

• even distribution of electrons

• water hating

adhesion

bonding of a particle to another particle of a different material

• ex: water molecules to the xylem wall to work against gravity

cohesion

bonding of a particle to another particle of a same material

• ex: water molecules to eachother to move up the xylem, against gravity

• why insects can walk on water’s surface = surface tension (resist external force)

hydrogen bond

bonds between the slight negative oxygen of a water molecule and the slight positive hydrogens of another water molecule

• they can connect in a way

electronegativity

an atoms ability to attract electrons in a chemical bond

molecule

the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical substance (2 or more atoms)

element

a pure substance made entirely of one type of atom

functional group

specific groups of atoms attached to carbon skeletons in biomolecules

• ex: hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl

polymer

something bigger, made from monomers

monomer

building block that makes up a polymer (something bigger)

dehydration synthesis

the bonding of two monomers while loosing a molecule of water

• one monomer looses a hydroxyl group, other looses a H atom (H20)

hydrolysis

the split of a polymer into 2 or more monomers using water

• one monomer gains a hydroxyl group, other gains a H atom (H20)

polymerization

the chemical process of forming a polymer from monomers

de-polymerization

the chemical process of breaking down a polymer into monomers

carbohydrates

• polymer of monosacharides

• bread, pasta, fruits, vegetables, glucose

• stores short term energy, fast

• ending “ose”

• cellulose (plant structure)

protein

polymer of amino acids

• regulate muscles, genes, traits

• act as enzymes

lipids

• fats and oils

• polymer of glycerol and fatty acids

• hydrophobic components

• create cell membrane structure

nucleic acids

made up of nucleotides (monomer)

• a large macromolecule made by stringing together smaller repeating molecular units

monosaccharide

monomer of carbohydrates

• “simple sugar” : glucose, fructose, and galactose

disaccharide

• product of two monosacharides

• sucrose, lactose, and maltose

polysaccharide

product of many monosacharides (large carbohydrate)

• storage: starch, glycogen

• structure: cellulose, chitin

amino acid

monomer of proteins

• created in protein synthesis (chain)

• folds into structures then protein

polypeptide

linear chain of amino acids linked together by chemical bonds known as peptide bonds

peptide bond

a specific covalent chemical bond that links amino acids together to form proteins and peptides

• carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group the other amino acid

• byproduct of water

nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids

• the letters that spell out the genetic code

saturated fat

a type of dietary fat in which the carbon molecules are completely "saturated" with hydrogen atoms, containing no double bonds

• pack tighter, solid at room temperature (butter)

unsaturated fat

a type of dietary fat in which the carbon molecules are not "saturated" with hydrogen atoms, and contain double bonds

• cause a bend

• cant pack tighter, liquid at room temperature (oil)

positive control

a sample or group in an experiment that is known to produce a positive result

negative control

a sample or group in an experiment that is known to produce a negative result

glucose

monosaccharide

• the body's primary simple sugar and main source of energy (ATP synthesis)

• insulin unlocks the cells so that glucose can enter

sucrose

a disaccharide made from one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose bonded

glycogen

a chain, the body's stored form of glucose (sugar)

• a quick-release reserve of energy that is saved for when you need it

cellulose

a complex carbohydrate (polysaccharide) made of thousands of glucose molecules linked together

• makes up the cell wall

triglyceride

a 3 carbon glycerol bonded with 3 fatty acid chains

• the most common type of fat in the body

• store unused calories, provide energy between meals

phospholipid

• make up cell bilayer membrane structure

• hydrophobic tails, hydrophilic heads

• form a selective barrier

steroid

a type of organic compound characterized by a specific molecular structure of 17 carbon atoms (4 rings)

• type of lipid

• maintaining the structure, fluidity of cell membranes, chemical messengers, regulate metabolism, and immune responses

DNA/RNA

• codes for proteins (doesn’t leave nucleus)

• rna brings messages, carries amino acids, and makes up the ribosome (leaves nucleus)

hemoglobin

an iron-rich protein found in red blood cells

• transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body's tissues

• returns carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be exhaled